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Chemistry A level > Elements of Life > Flashcards

Elements of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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2
Q

What is the charge and mass of a proton?

A

Charge: +1
Mass: 1

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3
Q

What is the charge and mass of a neutron?

A

Charge: 0
Mass: 1

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4
Q

What is the charge and mass of an electron?

A

Charge: -1
Mass: 0.00055

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5
Q

What information is shown about elements on the periodic table? and what does this tell us?

A

The mass number: Protons + neutrons
The atomic number: Protons
The name of the element

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6
Q

What is an isotope?

A

It is atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons in the nucleus.

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7
Q

What decides what element an atom is?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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8
Q

What is the relative atomic mass?

A

This is the average mass of the different isotopes of an element taking into account their abundance

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9
Q

What is mass spectrometry?

A

It is a method of measuring the atomic/molecular masses of different particles in a sample and their relative abundances

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10
Q

How does mass spectrometry work?

A

Sample atoms/molecules get ionised and form positive cations. They are then separated according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z)

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11
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

This is when two light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a single heavier nucleus.

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12
Q

What is required for nuclear fusion?

A

The nuclei must come very close together. It only occurs at high temperatures and pressures where atoms collide with lots of energy so this repulsion is overcome

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13
Q

What is the equation for the fusion of 1,1Hydrogen with 2,1Hydrogen?

A

1,1Hydrogen + 2,1Hydrogen ==> 3,2Helium + Energy

Energy is released

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14
Q

What is an absorption spectra? and what does it look like?

A

It shows what frequencies of light are absorbed by a substance. It is a rainbow coloured spectrum with black lines at the frequencies that have been absorbed

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15
Q

What is an emission specrta? and what does it look like?

A

It shows the frequencies of light that have been emitted from a substance. It is a black coloured spectrum with coloured lines that show what frequencies have been emitted

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16
Q

What is Bohr’s theory of wave particle duality?

A

The behaviour of light can only be explained as it being both a wave and a particle.

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17
Q

What are two characteristic properties of a wave?

A

The wavelength and the frequency

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18
Q

What is the equation relating frequency and wavelength?

A 
C = λ x ν
C = Speed of light (3x10^8)
λ = Wavelength
ν = Frequency
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19
Q

What is a photon?

A

It is a tiny packet of energy. Light is considered to be a stream of photons.

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20
Q

What affects the energy of a photon? and what is the equation relating the two?

A 
The frequency affects the energy of a photon.
E = hν
E = Energy
h = Planks constant
ν = Frequency
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21
Q

What is Bohr’s theory?

A

It explains why atoms only emit light of certain frequencies
When an atom absorbs a photon their electrons are excited and jump to a higher energy level. This produces an absorption spectrum. Later electrons drop back down to their original energy level and a photon is released. This produces an emission spectra.

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22
Q

What does Bohr’s theory show?

A

It shows why we get emission and absorption spectra
It gives us a model for the atom:
- The energy of a photon is equal to the distance between two energy levels
- Electrons in atoms exist in specific energy levels

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23
Q

What does quantised mean when it comes to the energy levels of an atoms?

A

It means that the energy levels are specific and so electrons can not be at any energy value, just the values that are allowed.

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24
Q

What is the flame test colour for Lithium?

A

Bright Red

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25
Q

What is the flame test colour for Sodium?

A

Yellow

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26
Q

What is the flame test colour for Potassium?

A

Lilac

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27
Q

What is the flame test colour for Calcium?

28
Q

What is the flame test colour for Barium?

A

Apple Green

29
Q

What is the flame test colour for Copper?

A

Blue green

30
Q

How many electrons are there in the a) first shell b) second shell c) third shell d) fourth shell?

A

a) 2 electrons
b) 8 electrons
c) 18 electrons
d) 32 electrons

31
Q

What are the 4 subshells and what are their shapes and number of electrons in the subshell?

A

S | 2 electrons | Spherical
P | 6 electrons | Figure of 8
D | 10 electrons |
F | 14 electrons |

32
Q

What is the order of subshells?

A

1S,2S,2P,3S,3P,4S,3D,4P,4D,4F

33
Q

What is an electronic configuration?

A

It is the way that electrons are arranged in the shells of an atom

34
Q

Talk about the spin of electrons in a sub shell

A

Electrons are paired and they have spins in oposite directions. P subshells have 3 electron pairs

35
Q

Electrons occupy the _______ energy electronic configuration

36
Q

Where does the S block correspond to on the periodic table?

A

Group 1 and 2

37
Q

Where does the P block correspond to on the periodic table?

A

Group 3 to 8

38
Q

Where does the D block correspond to on the periodic table?

A

Transition metals

39
Q

What decides an atoms group or period?

A

The number of electrons in their outer shell and their number of shells. The number of shells corresponds to the period and the number of electrons in the outer shell decides the group

40
Q

What is a closed shell arrangement and what types of elements does it form?

A

It means that all the shells and subshells are filled with electrons. This makes the element un-reactive. Noble gasses are this type of element.

41
Q

What ions do group 1, 2, 6, 7 and aluminium form?

A 
Group 1: +1
Group 2: +2
Group 6: -2
Group 7: -1
Aluminium: +3
42
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

It is a bond where electrons are shared between atoms

“Gay bonding” - Lewis White

43
Q

What is a lone pair?

A

It is a pair of electrons that are nor part of a bond. They are partially negatively charged

44
Q

What is a dative covalent bond?

A

This is a type of covalent bond where one atoms shares more electrons than the other. It is sort of like a combination of ionic and covalent bonding

45
Q

What is electron pair repulsion?

A

Areas of electron density (bonds and lone pairs) are partially negatively charged and so repel each other. are of electron density repels as far as possible from each other and this forms a bond angle

46
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 2 bonds? and what is this shape called?

A

180* Linear

47
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 3 bonds? and what is this shape called?

A

120* Planar

48
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 4 bonds? and what is this shape called?

A

109.5* Tetrahedral

49
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 5 bonds? and what is this shape called?

A

90* and 120* Trigonal Bipyramidal

50
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 6 bonds? and what is this shape called?

A

90* Octahedral

51
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 2 bonds and a lone pair? and what is this shape called?

A

104.5* Bent

52
Q

What is the bond angle for an atom with 3 bonds and a lone pair? and what is this shape called?

53
Q

What is the definition of relative atomic mass? and what is it?

A

It is the mass of that atom compared to the mass of Carbon-12. It is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

54
Q

What is a mole? and why is it significant?

A

It is 6.02x10^23 atoms. It is significant because if you have that many atoms of an element, its weight in grams is equal to its atomic mass

55
Q

How do you calculate the number of moles?

A

No. Moles = Mass / Molar mass

56
Q

What is the relative formula mass?

A

The sum of all the atomic masses in a molecule

57
Q

Formula units

A

PUT INFORMATION HERE ABOUT THIS IT IS CONFUSING AND I DONT SEE IT COMING UP*

58
Q

What is the value of avagadros constant?

A

6.02x10^23

59
Q

What is the volume of one mole of gas?

60
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

It is a simplified formula for a molecule.

e.g. C2H4 is CH2 because it is simplified. it shows a ratio of the elements to each other

61
Q

What does the formula for a hydrated crystal look like?

A

CuSO4 • 5H20

62
Q

Why can crystals be hydrated?

A

The water molecule fits within the ionic lattice so it gets trapped there

63
Q

How is the amount of water and the formula for a hydrated crystal calculated?

A

The hydrated crystal is weighed.
It is heated until it does not lose any more wight. At this point all the water has left the crystal and has evaporated.
It is then re weighed. The number of moles of the crystal is calculated from its weight and the number of moles of the water is calculated from mass of water lost. This then forms a ratio which is then used to work out the formula for the hydrated crystal

64
Q

What is the equation for percentage yield?

A

The percentage yield = (experimental yield / theoretical yield) x 100

65
Q

What are possible reasons for a low yield?

A 
Loss of products from the vessels
Side reactions
Impurities in the reactants
Changes in temperature and pressure
If there is an equilibrium for the reaction

Chemistry A level (13 decks)

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