elements of AOS1

Question 1

Melody

Answer 1

• contour – ascending, descending, stepwise, conjunct,
disjunct, scalic, triadic and arpeggio
• intervals, including compound intervals
• phrase length – equal, unequal and balanced
• ornaments – trill, mordent, turn, acciaccatura and
appoggiatura
• passing notes – accented, unaccented and chromatic
• auxiliary notes – upper, lower and chromatic
• note of anticipation
• echappée note
• portamento
• melodic devices – sequence, motif, fragmentation,
repetition, intervallic augmentation and diminution.

Question 2

Harmony

Answer 2

• consonant and dissonant
• diatonic – primary and secondary triads, dominant 7th
and all inversions
• chromatic – diminished 7th, secondary dominant 7th
,
substitution chords (borrowing from opposite mode),
chord of the Neapolitan, Neapolitan 6th and augmented
6
th chords (Italian, German, French)
• cadences – perfect, imperfect, interrupted, plagal, half
close, phrygian and tierce de Picardie
• circle of 5ths progression, harmonic sequence
• pedal notes – tonic, dominant, inverted and inner
• suspensions (4–3, 7–6, 9–8 and bass), preparation and
resolution
• cadential 6/4.

Question 3

Tonality

Answer 3

• major, minor, and their key signatures
• modulation to dominant, subdominant, and their
relatives, also to tonic minor, relative minor and tertiary
keys
• enharmonic keys
• modality

Question 4

Structure

Answer 4

• binary, rounded binary and ternary
• ritornello and episode
• sonata form
• through-composed
• introduction and coda
• recitative and aria
• foursquare
• antecedent and consequent phrases
• ostinato.

Question 5

Sonority (Timbre)

Answer 5

• standard orchestral and vocal types
• basso continuo
• pizzicato, arco, col legno, con sordino, sul ponticello, sul
tasto and double stopping
• sotto voce, vibrato
• una corda, pedalling

Question 6

Texture

Answer 6

• solo, monophonic, unison, octaves, parallel 3rds
• melody and accompaniment, homophonic, chordal
• polyphonic, contrapuntal, imitative, fugal
• antiphonal
• trio sonata texture
• polarised
• countermelody, descant
• canon.

Question 7

Tempo, metre and rhythm

Answer 7

• simple and compound time
• common Italian tempo terms including ritenuto,
rallentando and accelerando
• rubato, pause
• syncopation, hemiola, cross-rhythm, motor-rhythm.

Question 8

Dynamics and articulation

Answer 8

• common Italian dynamic terms including sfz and fp

* accent, tenuto, staccato, marcato, legato.