Elements of a Crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Omission

A

failure to act - only liable for an omission if a duty is owed
CRAPC duties

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2
Q

CRAPC omissions

A

Contractual
Relationship
Assuming responsibility voluntarily
Public office
Creating a dangerous situation

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3
Q

Contractual

A

R v Pittwood
D failed to perform his job when he didn’t close the gate at a railway and someone died

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4
Q

Relationship

A

R v Gibbins and Proctor
D’s neglected their child

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5
Q

Assuming responsibility voluntarily

A

R v Stone and Dobinson
D’s assumed care for their aunt and neglected her

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6
Q

Public office

A

R v Dytham
D was a police officer off duty who failed to interrupt a fight when one broke out and a man died

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7
Q

Creating a dangerous situation

A

R v Miller
D failed to alert others when he accidentally created a fire

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8
Q

Factual causation

A

‘but for’ test - Pagett

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9
Q

Legal causation

A

‘operative and substantial’ test meaning a significant cause - Smith

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10
Q

Intervening acts

A

can break the chain of causation if unreasonable and unforseeable
acts of victim, 3rd party or God

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11
Q

Acts of Victim

A

R v Williams - unreasonable and unforseeable (robbery threat)
R v Roberts - reasonable and forseeable (sexual assault threat)

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12
Q

Acts of 3rd Party

A

Pagett - reasonable and forseeable (D used V as a human shield and aimed at police; police fired back, killing V)
Jordan - unreasonable, unreasonable and palpably wrong (Doctors gave V incorrect medication and pumped V with X6 the amount of liquid that should ever be in a person’s body, killing V)

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13
Q

Medical - intervening acts

A

Medical acts of 3rd party must also be palpably wrong.

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14
Q

Thin Skull Rule

A

D must take V as he finds them
R v Blaue - V was a Jehovah’s Witness and died once refusing a blood transfusion due to religious reasons.

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15
Q

Direct intention

A

Mohan - D’s decision or aim to bring about the prohibited consequence

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16
Q

Oblique intention

A

Woollin - Was D’s consequence virtually certain? Did D realise this?

17
Q

Recklessness

A

D realises a risk but continues regardless
Cunningham

18
Q

Transferred Malice

A

Latimer - mens rea can be transferred from intended victim to actual victim
Pembliton - mens rea cannot be transferred between crimes

19
Q

Coincidence

A

D’s mens rea and actus reus must be present at the same time.
If this is not the case, courts can extend them so they are.
Single transaction theory, Continuing Act

20
Q

Single Transaction Theory

A

when D’s mens rea was present but isn’t when the actus reus is later - D’s mens rea can be extended.
R v Thabo Meli

21
Q

Continuing Act

A

When D’s actus reus was present but isn’t when the mens rea is later - the actus reus can be extended.
Fagan v MPC