Elements By Structure Flashcards
What are the main categories of elements?
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
What are the physical properties of metals?
Lustrous, good conductors of heat and electricity, high density, malleable, ductile, sonorous, high melting and boiling points, mostly solid at room temperature (except mercury).
What are the chemical properties of metals?
React with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with acids to form salt and hydrogen gas, react with water (some metals) to form hydroxides and hydrogen gas, tend to lose electrons to form positive ions, high reactivity varies.
Give examples of highly reactive metals.
Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca)
Give examples of moderately reactive metals.
Magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (Al), Zinc (Zn)
Give examples of low reactivity metals.
Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Platinum (Pt)
What are some uses of metals?
Iron (Fe) for construction, Aluminum (Al) for aircraft, Copper (Cu) for electrical wiring, Gold (Au) for jewelry.
What are the physical properties of nonmetals?
Dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite), low density, brittle, low melting and boiling points, exist in all three states.
What are the chemical properties of nonmetals?
React with oxygen to form nonmetallic oxides, do not react with acids, tend to gain or share electrons to form negative ions, form covalent bonds.
Give examples of nonmetals.
Gases: Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂); Liquids: Bromine (Br₂); Solids: Carbon (C), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P).
What are some uses of nonmetals?
Oxygen (O₂) for respiration, Nitrogen (N₂) for fertilizers, Carbon (C) for fuel and diamonds.
What are the physical properties of metalloids?
Have properties of both metals and nonmetals, semi-conductors, brittle, moderate melting and boiling points, can be shiny or dull.
What are the chemical properties of metalloids?
Reactivity depends on conditions, can form both ionic and covalent bonds, some react with acids.
Give examples of metalloids.
Silicon (Si), Boron (B), Arsenic (As), Tellurium (Te), Antimony (Sb).
What are some uses of metalloids?
Silicon (Si) for computer chips, Boron (B) for fiberglass, Arsenic (As) for semiconductors.
Where are metals located on the periodic table?
Found on the left and center (Groups 1-12, and some from 13-16).
Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?
Found on the right (Groups 14-18).
Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
Found along the stair-step line (Boron to Tellurium).
What are metals?
Metals are elements that are typically shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
What are nonmetals?
Nonmetals are elements that are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, and they can be gases, liquids, or solids.
What are metalloids?
Metalloids are elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
Which of the following is a characteristic of metals? (A) Brittle (B) Malleable (C) Poor conductor
B) Malleable
True or False: Nonmetals are usually good conductors of electricity.
False
Fill in the blank: Metalloids are also known as _______.
semimetals
What is a common property of nonmetals?
They tend to have high ionization energies and electronegativities.
Give an example of a metal.
Iron (Fe)
Give an example of a nonmetal.
Oxygen (O)
Give an example of a metalloid.
Silicon (Si)
What type of bond do metals typically form?
Metals typically form metallic bonds.
What type of bond do nonmetals typically form?
Nonmetals typically form covalent bonds.
True or False: Metalloids can form both covalent and ionic bonds.
True
What is the physical state of most metals at room temperature?
Solid
Which nonmetal is a liquid at room temperature?
Bromine (Br)
What is the appearance of most metals?
They are typically shiny or lustrous.
Fill in the blank: Metals tend to lose _______ when they react.
electrons
What is a key characteristic of metalloids?
They have a mixed set of properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals? (A) Conductivity (B) Ductility (C) Low density
C) Low density
What type of bond is formed between two nonmetals?
Covalent bond
What happens to the atomic radius of metals as you move down a group in the periodic table?
The atomic radius increases.
What is the typical melting point of nonmetals compared to metals?
Nonmetals generally have lower melting points than metals.
Which group of elements contains the most reactive metals?
Alkali metals (Group 1)
What is the most common oxidation state of alkali metals?
+1
True or False: Metalloids are found on the right side of the periodic table.
False
What is the trend in electronegativity as you move from left to right across a period?
Electronegativity increases.
Which element is considered a metalloid and is used in computer chips?
Silicon (Si)
What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons?
Covalent bond
Fill in the blank: The ability of a metal to be drawn into wires is called _______.
ductility
What is a common use for metals due to their conductivity?
Electrical wiring
True or False: Nonmetals can gain electrons during chemical reactions.
True
What is the most common oxidation state of halogens?
-1
Which of the following elements is a metalloid? (A) Arsenic (B) Carbon (C) Sodium
A) Arsenic
What property makes metals suitable for construction?
Strength and durability
What is the primary characteristic of ionic bonds?
They involve the transfer of electrons.
Fill in the blank: Metals tend to have _______ ionization energies.
low
What is the chemical behavior of nonmetals in reactions?
They tend to gain or share electrons.
Which element is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust?
Aluminum (Al)
What is a key property of metalloids that makes them useful in electronics?
Their semiconducting properties.
What type of bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal?
Ionic bond
Fill in the blank: The ability of a nonmetal to gain electrons is related to its _______.
electronegativity
Which nonmetal is essential for respiration?
Oxygen (O)
What is the general trend of metallic character in the periodic table?
It increases down a group and decreases across a period.
What is a characteristic of noble gases?
They are nonreactive due to having a complete valence shell.
True or False: All metalloids are solid at room temperature.
True
Which type of bonding involves a sea of electrons?
Metallic bonding
What happens to the reactivity of nonmetals as you move up a group?
Reactivity increases.
Fill in the blank: The most reactive group of nonmetals is the _______.
halogens
Which metal is known for its corrosion resistance?
Gold (Au)
What is the primary reason that metals conduct electricity?
The presence of free-moving electrons.
Fill in the blank: Nonmetals are generally _______ in appearance.
dull
What is the main characteristic of alkali metals?
They are highly reactive and have one electron in their outer shell.
What bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons?
Covalent bond
True or False: Metals have high melting points compared to nonmetals.
True
What property distinguishes metalloids from metals and nonmetals?
They have intermediate electrical conductivity.
Which of the following elements is a metal? (A) Sulfur (B) Magnesium (C) Phosphorus
B) Magnesium
What is the common oxidation state of alkaline earth metals?
+2
Fill in the blank: Nonmetals tend to have _______ melting and boiling points compared to metals.
lower
What type of bond occurs between two atoms with a large difference in electronegativity?
Ionic bond
True or False: All metals are solid at room temperature.
False
What is the property of metals that allows them to be hammered into thin sheets?
Malleability
What is the significance of metalloids in the industry?
They are crucial in the production of semiconductors.
Fill in the blank: A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called a _______ bond.
ionic
What is the primary feature of transition metals?
They can form variable oxidation states.
Which nonmetal is commonly used in fertilizers?
Nitrogen (N)
What is the most common type of bond in organic compounds?
Covalent bond
Fill in the blank: The ability of a substance to conduct electricity is known as _______.
conductivity
True or False: Metals typically have high densities.
True
What is the main use of aluminum in everyday life?
Packaging and transportation.
What property do metalloids share with nonmetals?
They can form covalent bonds.
Which element is a good example of a nonmetal used in water purification?
Chlorine (Cl)
Fill in the blank: The reactivity of metals increases _______ a group.
down
What is the bond formed between a metal and a nonmetal called?
Ionic bond
True or False: Nonmetals can exist in all three states of matter at room temperature.
True
