elements Flashcards
1
Q
What is a type of reaction turbine usually with typical spiral casing where water enters the runner radially?
A
Francis Turbine
The Francis turbine is the most widely used type of hydraulic turbine for modern power generation purposes.
2
Q
What is the name of the expanding tube connecting the outlet passage of a turbine with the tail water?
A
Draft Tube
3
Q
What is a hydroelectric plant where excess water is pumped to an elevated space during off-peak periods?
A
Pumped Storage Plant
4
Q
What is the channel that conducts water away from the turbine called?
A
Tailrace
5
Q
What is the grid or screen composed of parallel bars that prevents floating debris from entering the penstock?
A
Trash Rack
6
Q
What term refers to water in the reservoir?
A
Headwater
7
Q
What is a propeller-type reaction turbine with adjustable guide vanes and runner blades?
A
Kaplan Turbine
8
Q
What type of power utilizes the difference in elevation between high and low tide to produce energy?
A
Tidal Power
9
Q
Which power plant’s output depends on the water flow in the river?
A
Run-of-River Plant
10
Q
What is the intake pipe to a hydraulic turbine from a dam called?
A
Penstock
11
Q
What kind of fluid flow occurs when the fluid travels parallel to adjacent layers?
A
Laminar flow
12
Q
What conducts the water around the turbine?
A
Spiral casing
13
Q
What are the movable vertical vanes that control the flow of water to the runner?
A
Wicket gate
14
Q
What is the speed of a hypothetical model turbine that develops 1 hp at a head of 1 ft?
A
Specific speed
15
Q
What is the difference in elevation between the headwater and the tailwater called?
A
Net head
16
Q
What is the ratio of the effective head to the gross head?
A
Hydraulic efficiency
17
Q
What is the ratio of the head utilized to the effective head?
A
Volumetric efficiency
18
Q
Heads between 70 and 800 ft generally indicate which type of turbine?
A
Reaction turbine
19
Q
Heads below about 70 ft call for which type of turbine?
A
Propeller turbine
20
Q
What part of a hydraulic turbine helps reduce head loss at submerged discharge?
A
Draft tube
21
Q
What tank at the transition from low-pressure headrace or tunnel protects against pressure changes?
A
Surge tank
22
Q
What is the rotating part of the turbine where water imparts energy?
A
Runner
23
Q
What is the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid called?
A
Cavitation
24
Q
What property of lubricating oil measures its thickness?
A
Viscosity
25
Fill in the blank: The velocity head of water can be calculated using the formula _______.
V^2/2g
26
The buoyant force on a floating object is equal to what?
Weight of displaced liquid
27
What is the primary purpose of a turbine in a fluid loop?
Add energy to the flow
28
What connects the turbine outlet to the tailwater?
Draft tube
29
What provides a means of releasing flow water that exceeds the design capacity of the dam?
Spillway
30
What is the power required to deliver a given quantity of fluid against a head with no losses called?
Hydraulic power
31
What is the velocity effect in fluid flow?
Velocity is zero at the wall and maximum at the center
32
What is a type of water turbine where a jet of water falls on blades or buckets?
Pelton wheel turbine
33
What is a vent or hole in the earth’s surface from which steam or hot gases issue called?
Fumarole
34
What is the typical depth of a geothermal production well in meters?
1500
35
What type of energy is transformed by a wind energy system into mechanical or electrical energy?
Kinetic Energy
36
What is the rhythmic rise and fall of the ocean waters called?
Tide
37
The power available in the wind is proportional to what of its speed?
Cube
38
What is the maximum tidal range called?
Spring tide
39
Natural gas is considered _____ when it is almost pure methane.
Dry
40
What type of reactor has water heated by nuclear fuel that boils to steam directly in the reactor vessel?
Boiling Water Reactor
41
What is the air pollution control device that collects fly ash in flue gas?
Electrostatic Precipitator
42
What component of a nuclear reactor slows down fast neutrons born during fission?
Moderator
43
What boron-coated steel rods are used to regulate the fission chain reaction?
Control Rods
44
What cycle describes the combination of a gas turbine generator with a steam turbine generator?
Brayton Cycle
45
Natural gas comprises mainly of _____
Methane
46
What is the coal ash that exits a combustion chamber in flue gas called?
Fly Ash
47
What is known as brown coal with a calorific value of less than 8,300 Btu/lb?
Lignite
48
What means using the same energy source for more than one purpose?
Cogeneration
49
What is the minimum amount of air required for complete combustion of fuel called?
Stoichiometric Air
50
What device measures the calorific value of a unit mass of fuel?
Calorimeter
51
When water in combustion products is in vapor form, the heating value is known as?
Lower heating value (LHV)
52
The percent excess air is calculated using the difference between the actual and theoretical air divided by what?
Theoretically air supplied
53
During a combustion process, the components existing before the reaction are called?
Reactants
54
What is the solidified mass of fused ash called?
Clinker
55
Why were older types of economizers constructed of cast iron?
Resists corrosion better than mild steel
56
What is an accessory installed on modern boilers to preheat air for combustion?
Air preheater
57
What components are included in the proximate analysis of solid fuel?
Fixed carbon, volatile matter, ash and moisture
58
Which element of fuel is not combustible?
Oxygen
59
What is a device used to record cylinder pressure and piston travel in an engine?
Engine Indicator
60
What diagram is used by engineers to detect issues like leaky piston packing?
Indicator diagram
61
What is the effective weight of the brake arm when the brake band is loose called?
Tare Weight
62
What is the ratio of heat converted to useful power to the heat supplied called?
Thermal efficiency
63
What is the ratio of the actual power of the engine to its ideal power called?
Engine efficiency
64
What is the power output of the generator called?
Net Tension
65
What is the term for the amount of fuel needed to perform a unit of power?
Specific fuel consumption
66
What is the ratio of heat converted to useful power to the heat supplied?
Thermal efficiency
67
What is the ratio of the actual power of the engine to its ideal power?
Generator efficiency
68
What is the ratio of the cylinder volumes after and before the combustion process called?
Compression ratio
69
What is the position of the piston when it forms the smallest volume in the cylinder?
Top Dead Center Position
70
What is the position of the piston when it forms the largest volume in the cylinder?
Bottom Dead Center Position
71
What type of engine has four events take place in one revolution of a crankshaft?
4-stroke cycle engine
72
What is the model cycle for spark ignition engines?
Otto cycle
73
Diesel engine fuel is rated in terms of what?
Cetane number
74
The distance that the piston can travel in one direction is known as the _______.
Stroke
75
What is the minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the piston is at the top dead center?
Clearance volume
76
What is the fictitious pressure that would produce the same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle?
Mean effective pressure
77
What is the ratio of constant pressure specific heat to the constant volume specific heat?
Specific heat ratio
78
What is the ideal cycle for compression-ignition reciprocating engines?
Diesel cycle
79
What is the power developed in the engine cylinder as obtained from the pressure in the cylinder?
Indicated power
80
What is the pressure and torque spent in overcoming friction of reciprocating and revolving parts of the engine?
Friction power
81
What is the instrument for determining brake power called?
Dynamometer
82
What is the indicator used to determine the anti-knock characteristics of gasoline?
Octane Number
83
What component draws fuel from the tank through the primary fuel filter?
Fuel transfer pump
84
What component acts as a balancer and provides momentum during dead stroke in a cycle?
Flywheel
85
What are steel tubes with a seat at both ends that bridge the motion from camshaft to rocker arm called?
Push rod
86
What is the passage of coolant from the engine block to the cylinder head called?
Water jacket
87
What is used to cool incoming air so that the volume of air available is increased?
After cooler
88
The difference between the maximum and minimum volume is known as _______.
Displacement Volume
89
What are used to seal the gases within the cylinder and to keep oil out?
Piston Rings
90
In the Otto cycle, the process where heat is added is at _______.
constant volume
91
In the Diesel cycle, the process where heat is added is at _______.
constant pressure
92
What is used to reduce friction of bearings and sliding surfaces in machines?
Lubricant
93
In a heat engine, the ratio of brake power to the indicated power is called _______.
thermal efficiency
94
What is the ratio of the average load to the peak load over a designated period of time?
Load Factor
95
What is the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of the system to the overall maximum demand called?
Diversity Factor
96
What is the sum of the continuous ratings of all the equipment and outlets on the customer’s circuit?
Connected load
97
What is the ratio of the duration of the actual service of a machine to the total duration called?
Utilization factor
98
What is the ratio of the brake mean effective pressure to the indicated mean effective pressure?
Brake engine efficiency
99
What is the ratio of the combined engine efficiency to the brake engine efficiency?
Combined thermal efficiency
100
The difference between the power plant installed capacity and the peak load is called _______.
reserve over peak
101
What is a series of processes during which the initial and final state points are the same called?
Cycle
102
The compressibility factor of an ideal gas is equal to _______.
1.00
103
What does the relation pV=C represent?
Isothermal process
104
In the relation pVn=C, if n=0, the process is called _______.
Isometric process
105
In a Carnot cycle, heat rejection occurs during the _______.
Isothermal compression
106
What type of system has mass inflow and outflow that are not equal?
Unsteady state, unsteady flow system
107
What form of energy is a function of temperature for perfect gases?
Internal energy
108
What is defined as the force of gravity per unit volume of a substance?
Specific weight
109
What is a thermodynamic system whose mass does not cross its boundaries called?
Closed system
110
Which law states that the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force?
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
111
What is a substance that receives, transports and transfers energy called?
Working substance
112
What law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed?
First Law of Thermodynamics
113
What states that the total pressure of a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures?
Dalton’s Law
114
What is the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical?
Critical point
115
The point at which heat transfer stops is known as _______.
Thermodynamic equilibrium
116
What instrument is used for determining the specific gravity of a solution?
Hydrometer
117
What temperature refers to when all molecular motion ceases?
0 oK
118
What does the area under the curve on a pressure-volume diagram represent?
Net Work
119
A boiler steam pressure gauge should have a range of at least _______ times the maximum allowable working pressure.
1.25
120
What is a valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one direction only called?
Check valve
121
What is the enthalpy change of an ideal gas compressed isothermally?
Zero
122
What is constant in an adiabatic throttling process?
Enthalpy
123
What is the ideal cycle for a gas turbine plant?
Brayton cycle
124
What is the most thermally efficient cycle consisting of two isentropic and two isothermal processes?
Carnot cycle
125
How can the average temperature during heat rejection process of a Rankine cycle be decreased?
reduce turbine exit pressure
126
What is commonly done to a vapor power cycle when the turbine has excessive moisture?
reheating
127
What is the form of energy transferred between two systems by virtue of temperature difference?
Heat
128
What type of thermodynamic process has no heat transfer?
Adiabatic Process
129
What is an energy interaction not caused by a temperature difference called?
Work
130
What is the process where solid directly changes to vapor without passing through liquid state?
Sublimation
131
A rigid container heated by the sun has a work output that is _______.
equal to zero
132
The net work output of a heat engine is always _______.
less than the amount of heat input
133
What is the sum of all the energies of all the molecules in a system called?
Internal Energy
134
What is a liquid whose temperature is below the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure?
Subcooled liquid
135
A device that violates the first law of thermodynamics is called a _______.
Perpetual motion machine of the first kind
136
The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs _______.
are the same
137
A process with no heat transfer is known as _______.
adiabatic process
138
The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of _______.
water
139
What type of heat exchanger allows fluids to flow at right angles to each other?
Cross flow
140
The principle that total energy in any one energy system remains constant is called the principle of _______.
Conservation of Energy
141
A process for which the inlet and outlet enthalpies are the same is called _______.
Isenthalpic
142
The sum of energies of all the molecules in a system appears in several complex forms, what is it called?
Internal Energy
143
What is a system that is completely impervious to its surrounding called?
Isolated system
144
What device is used to measure small and moderate pressure difference?
Manometer
145
What is a vapor having a temperature higher than the saturation temperature called?
Superheated vapor
146
What is the energy or stored capacity for performing work possessed by a moving body?
Kinetic energy
147
What thermodynamic process maintains constant temperature and has zero change in internal energy?
Isothermal process
148
What is the function of a pump or compressor?
increase the total energy content of the flow
149
This law states that all energy received as heat by a heat-engine cannot be converted into mechanical work.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
150
What is the thermodynamic process wherein temperature is constant and the change in internal energy is zero?
Isothermal process
## Footnote
In an isothermal process, the temperature remains constant, implying that the internal energy does not change.
151
What is the function of a pump or compressor?
Increase the total energy content of the flow
## Footnote
Pumps and compressors are used to increase the energy of a fluid flow.
152
Which law states that all energy received as heat by a heat-engine cannot be converted into mechanical work?
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
## Footnote
The 2nd Law highlights the limitations of energy conversion processes.
153
What is the intensity of pressure measured above absolute zero called?
Absolute pressure
## Footnote
Absolute pressure is the total pressure relative to a perfect vacuum.
154
What is the term for the ratio of the heat equivalent of the brake or useful horsepower developed by an engine to the heat during the same time?
Brake thermal efficiency
## Footnote
It measures how effectively an engine converts heat into work.
155
Fill in the blank: Flow work is equal to pressure times _______.
Specific volume
## Footnote
Flow work is an important concept in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.
156
What type of energy is due to the position or elevation of the body?
Potential energy
## Footnote
Potential energy is energy stored due to an object's position.
157
What is another term for a constant volume process?
Isochoric process
## Footnote
The isochoric process maintains a constant volume while pressure and temperature may vary.
158
What is the efficiency of the Carnot cycle dependent upon?
Temperature
## Footnote
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical model that establishes the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine.
159
What is the heat required in a constant-pressure process to completely vaporize a unit mass of liquid at a given temperature called?
Enthalpy of vaporization
## Footnote
This term is crucial in thermodynamics for phase change calculations.
160
Which device is commonly used for measuring temperature differences or high temperatures?
Thermocouple
## Footnote
Thermocouples are widely used due to their accuracy and wide temperature range.
161
What is the rate of doing work per unit of time called?
Power
## Footnote
Power is a measure of how quickly work is done or energy is transferred.
162
In an ideal Rankine cycle, what happens to the thermal efficiency if the steam is superheated to a higher temperature?
The cycle thermal efficiency will increase
## Footnote
Superheating improves the efficiency of heat engines by increasing the temperature of the working fluid.
163
What is a vapor having a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure called?
Superheated Vapor
## Footnote
Superheated vapor is essential in many thermodynamic applications.
164
What is the work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary called?
Flow Work
## Footnote
Flow work is a key concept in fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.
165
What type of liquid has a temperature lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure?
Subcooled liquid
## Footnote
Subcooled liquids are used in various thermal systems to enhance efficiency.
166
In a water-tube boiler, where does the water pass through?
Inside the tubes
## Footnote
Water-tube boilers are designed for high-pressure steam generation.
167
What is the temperature to which the air becomes saturated at constant pressure called?
Wet-bulb temperature
## Footnote
Wet-bulb temperature is important in psychrometry and HVAC applications.
168
What is the ratio of the mass of water vapor in a certain volume of moist air to the mass of water vapor in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature called?
Specific humidity
## Footnote
Specific humidity is a crucial measure in meteorology and HVAC.
169
What is the term for the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, air movement, and quantity of air in space?
Air-conditioning
## Footnote
Air-conditioning systems are essential for maintaining comfort in indoor environments.
170
Fill in the blank: The temperature at which the water vapor content of moist air begins to condense when air is cooled at constant pressure is called _______.
Dew Point Temperature
## Footnote
Dew Point Temperature is critical for understanding humidity and condensation processes.
171
What is the index of performance of a refrigeration system which is a dimensionless quantity called?
Coefficient of Performance
## Footnote
Coefficient of Performance measures the efficiency of refrigeration systems.
172
What happens to the pressure of a confined gas at constant temperature if it is tripled?
The volume will be reduced to one-third of its original value
## Footnote
This is a direct application of Boyle's Law.
173
What is the pressure of the refrigerant between the expansion valve and the intake of the compressor in a multi-pressure refrigeration system?
Low-side pressure
## Footnote
Understanding pressure points in refrigeration systems is crucial for effective system design.
174
What does the term 'sensible heating or cooling' refer to?
The rate of heat transfer attributable only to a change in dry-bulb temperature
## Footnote
This concept is fundamental in HVAC design and analysis.
175
What is the power output in kW if the energy rate is 49.232 kJ/s?
49.232 kW
176
What is the horsepower equivalent of 49.232 kW?
65.99 hp
177
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of a water tank that is 4 ft high.
1.733 psi
178
Convert 750 mm Hg to kN/m2.
99.99 kPa
179
What is the weight of water in a tank measuring 18 ft wide, 24 ft long, and 4 ft deep?
49 tons
180
What is the volume flow rate of oil through 16 tubes with a velocity of 2 m/s and an internal diameter of 30 mm?
22.62 liters/s
181
Convert a temperature of 620 deg R to degrees Celsius.
71.11
182
What is the unknown volume of gas if it expands to a 10 m3 container at 500 mm Hg?
6.58 m3
183
What is the density of an iron block weighing 5 Newton with a volume of 200 cm3?
2549.30 kg/m3
184
What is the specific volume of air at a pressure of 22.22 psia and temperature of 800 deg R?
13.33 ft3/lbm
185
What is the specific weight of mercury with a specific gravity of 13.55?
132.88 kN/m3
186
What is the equivalent weight of a mass of 10 kg at an acceleration of gravity of 9.77 m/sec2?
97.7 N
187
Calculate the minimum volume tank necessary to transport 100 liters of gas at 80°F and 8 atm.
13.72 liters
188
What is the specific volume of a mixture of 100 g of water and 150 g of alcohol?
1.16 x 10-3 cu.m/kg
189
How much does 30 lbm weigh on the moon with gmoon = 5.47 ft/s2?
5.1 lbf
190
What is the change in potential energy for a 10 kg block raised vertically 3 meters?
294.2 J
191
Convert 100 gallons of liquid to cubic meters.
0.3785 m3
192
What is the horsepower output of a steam turbine receiving 1014 lbm/hr of steam with work done of 251 Btu/lbm?
100 Hp
193
What is the resulting pressure when one pound of air at 15 psia and 200°F is heated to 800°F?
28.64 psia
194
How many grams of CO2 are contained in a bicycle tire with a volume of 600 cm3 and pressure of 551.43 kPa?
5.98 g
195
What is the height of a vertical column of water with an absolute pressure of 15.5 psia?
22.15 in.
196
What is the work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary called?
Flow Energy
197
What is the energy balance equation for a steady flow process?
Energy (in) = Energy (out)
198
Convert a water temperature rise of 18°F to degrees Celsius.
10 oC
199
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of an oil storage tank with specific gravity 0.88 and depth 20 meters?
1.76 kg/cm2
200
What height will a vertical column of water be supported by standard atmospheric pressure?
33.92 ft
201
What is the equivalent specific weight of a liquid with a specific weight of 60 lb/ft3 in kN/m3?
9.42 kN/m3
202
What pressure does a 150 lbf cylinder exert on the floor with a cross-sectional area of 40 square inches?
0.2586 bar
203
What law states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but can change forms?
First Law of Thermodynamics
204
What is the absolute pressure exerted on a submarine cruising 300 ft below the sea surface with specific gravity of seawater 1.03?
148.60 psia
205
What is the mass flow rate through a nozzle with an inlet area of 80 cm2, air density of 2.21 kg/m3, and velocity of 30 m/s?
0.5304 kg/s
206
Calculate the work required to accelerate an 800-kg car from rest to 100 km/h.
308.64 kJ
207
Heat is defined as a form of energy that is transferred due to a _______.
Temperature difference
208
Find the speed of a 3220-lbm body after it falls 778 ft from rest.
223.75 ft/s
209
What is the flow rate through a pipe 4 inches in diameter carrying water at a velocity of 11 ft/sec?
430.84 gpm
210
If the specific weight of a liquid is 58.5 lbf per cubic foot, what is its specific volume in cm3/g?
1.0675 cm3/g
211
What is the resulting pressure when one pound of air at 0.3 psig and 200°F is heated at constant volume to 800°F?
28.64 psia
212
Axial fans are best suitable for which application?
Large flow, low head
213
What is the equation used to relate pressures and temperatures in a fluid system?
P1/T1 = P2/T2
## Footnote
This equation is used for calculating pressures and temperatures in relation to each other in thermodynamic processes.
214
What is the most suitable application for axial fans?
Large flow, low head
## Footnote
Axial fans are designed to move large volumes of air at low pressure.
215
Which type of axial fan is most efficient?
Vane axial
## Footnote
Vane axial fans are equipped with blades that can be adjusted for maximum efficiency.
216
What device maintains constant rotative speed in a hydraulic turbine under varying load?
Governor
## Footnote
A governor adjusts the gate openings to maintain speed.
217
What is the purpose of a penstock in a hydraulic system?
To carry water from reservoir intake to a reaction turbine
## Footnote
A penstock is a crucial component in hydroelectric systems.
218
How does the efficiency of forward curved centrifugal fans compare to backward curved fans?
Lower
## Footnote
Forward curved fans typically have lower efficiency than backward curved fans.
219
What does BEP stand for in pump operation?
Best Efficiency Point
## Footnote
Operating near BEP ensures optimal performance and longevity of the pump.
220
What is used to prevent shock or water hammering in a penstock?
Surge Tank
## Footnote
Surge tanks act as buffers to absorb pressure changes.
221
Which fan type is more suitable for high pressure applications?
Backward curved centrifugal fan
## Footnote
This type of fan can handle higher pressures effectively.
222
What characterizes a Francis type centrifugal pump impeller?
Wide passages for water and an outside to eye diameter ratio of about 1.5
## Footnote
Francis pumps are versatile and widely used in various applications.
223
What is the purpose of a mechanical seal in a centrifugal pump?
To maintain an air tight seal as the impeller shaft passes
## Footnote
Mechanical seals prevent leakage and maintain pressure.
224
What shape do pump performance characteristic curves for two identical pumps in series take?
B
## Footnote
The curves demonstrate flow and head characteristics when pumps are combined.
225
What component converts velocity energy to pressure head in a centrifugal pump?
Diffuser
## Footnote
The diffuser plays a crucial role in converting kinetic energy into pressure.
226
If two identical centrifugal pumps are installed in parallel, what happens to the flow rate?
It is doubled
## Footnote
Parallel installation increases the total flow capacity.
227
What type of valve is used to prevent backflow in a fluid pipe?
Check Valve
## Footnote
Check valves ensure fluid flows in one direction only.
228
What type of pump is characterized by vortex and periphery designs?
Turbine (Regenerative) Pumps
## Footnote
These pumps are designed for specific applications requiring high efficiency.
229
Which type of pump does not belong to the group: Screw Rotary Pump, Diaphragm Pump, Direct Acting Steam Pump, Centrifugal Pump?
Centrifugal Pump
## Footnote
The other types are positive displacement pumps, while centrifugal pumps work differently.
230
What material is preferred for impellers handling average waters?
Stainless Steel
## Footnote
Stainless steel is resistant to rust and easy to machine.
231
What is a single-stage or multistage centrifugal pump with a pumping element suspended from discharge piping called?
Vertical Turbine Pump
## Footnote
These pumps are often used in deep well applications.
232
What type of pumps are intended for handling thick pulps and sewage sludge?
Lobe pumps
## Footnote
These pumps can handle viscous and solid-laden fluids.
233
What is the principal pumping member of a rotary pump?
Rotor
## Footnote
The rotor is essential for the pump's mechanical action.
234
What is the relationship of the capacity of a centrifugal pump, Q, to impeller diameter, D?
Q is directly proportional to the square of D
## Footnote
This relationship shows how impeller size affects flow capacity.
235
What is the relationship of horsepower, P, to impeller speed, N, in a centrifugal pump?
P is directly proportional to the cube of N
## Footnote
This indicates how power requirements increase with speed.
236
Which hydraulic turbine is suitable for low head applications?
Kaplan turbine
## Footnote
Kaplan turbines are designed for low head and high flow scenarios.
237
If two identical centrifugal pumps are installed in series, what happens to the system flow rate?
Remains the same
## Footnote
Series installation increases head but not flow rate.
238
What phenomenon occurs when pump inlet suction pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid?
Cavitation
## Footnote
Cavitation can lead to damage and inefficiency in pumps.
239
What is the process called when a centrifugal pump fills its suction line to remove air?
Priming
## Footnote
Priming is necessary for the pump to operate correctly.
240
Which type of pump does not belong to the group: gear pump, vane pump, screw pump, diaphragm pump?
Diaphragm pump
## Footnote
Diaphragm pumps are positive displacement pumps, while the others are typically rotary.
