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Geochemistry > Element Geochemistry > Flashcards

Element Geochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Electronic structure

A

Determines the size, charge, and bonding character of an atom and/or ion. Which all changes the behaviour of an element

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of orbitals?

A

s, p, d, f

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3
Q

How many electrons can an S-type orbital hold?

A

2

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4
Q

How many electrons can a P-type orbital hold?

A

6

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5
Q

How many electrons can a D-type orbital hold?

A

10

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6
Q

How many electrons can a F-type hold?

A

14

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7
Q

The Aufbau Principle

A

Electrons are put into orbitals in order of increasing subshell energy
Higher shells does NOT = higher energy

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8
Q

Pauli Exclusion Principle

A

Each orbital can accommodate a max of 2 electrons and they must spin in opposite directions.
No two electrons have the same state at the same time.

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9
Q

Hund’s Rule

A

For a given subshell, one electron goes into each orbital before two electrons can be placed in any of them.

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10
Q

Enhanced Stability

A

Atoms achieve a state of enhanced stability when the available orbitals are either fully filled, half-filled, or empty

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11
Q

Electron Microprobe Analyzer (EMPA)

A

Tool that analyzes the chemical composition of rocks by x-rays (electron beam)

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12
Q

Four factors controlling behaviour of elements

A

1) Mass
2) Size
3) Charge (valence)
4) Bonding character

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13
Q

Is size proportional to mass?

A

No

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14
Q

Is the size of an atom = size of an ion?

A

No

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15
Q

True or False: Size of cation > Size of atom

A

False. Cation < Atom

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16
Q

True or False: Size of anion > Size of atom

A

True

17
Q

True or False: The larger the + charge, the smaller the cation

A

True

18
Q

True or False: The larger the - charge, the larger the anion

A

True

19
Q

Why is the size of an ion important for element behaviour in crystals?

A

It determines whether certain elements can be accommodated by certain minerals

20
Q

Electron donors

A

Give away electrons in order to achieve stability

21
Q

Electron acceptors

A

Gain electrons in order to achieve stability

22
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged, formed from atoms giving away electrons

23
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged, formed from atoms gaining electrons

24
Q

What are 3 parameters affecting if an element tends to lose or gain electrons?

A

First ionization potential
Metallic character
Electronegativity

25
Q

First Ionization Potential

A

The amount of energy needed to drive off an electron from the atom in the gaseous state

26
Q

Metallic Character

A

A qualitative description of the extent that an element tends to give away electrons

27
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself

28
Q

Ionic bond

A

Cations and anions are attracted to each other and form a bond

29
Q

Covalent bond

A

When two elements having similar electron donor/acceptor character interact

30
Q

True or False: Electron transfer is never 100% complete (no bond is 100%)

A

True

31
Q

Ionic character

A

A measure of the extent an atom tends to form an ionic bond with another atom

32
Q

Covalent character

A

A measure of the extent an atom tends to form a covalent bond with another atom

33
Q

True or False: Elements from opposite ends of the periodic table tend to form ionic bond

A

True

34
Q

True or False: Elements close to each other in the periodic table tend to form covalent bond

A

True

35
Q

Goldschmidt’s classification of elements (4 groups)

A

Lithophile - silicates
Siderophile - iron
Chalcophile - sulfides
Atmophile - atmosphere

36
Q

Why are noble gas elements enriched in the atmosphere rather than in the rocks?

A

Noble gases have a charge of 0. Rocks need bonds and noble gases don’t have them.

37
Q

Why are certain elements always associated with each other?

A

They have similar electron structures

Geochemistry (3 decks)

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