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Electrotherapy Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? excess or deficiency of electron

A

Charge

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2
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? The positive or negative state in which a body reacts to a magnetic, electric, or other field.

A

Polarity

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3
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? Movement of charged particles through a conductor in response to an applied electric field

A

Current

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4
Q

Current is measued in?

A

Amps

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5
Q

Excess or deficiency? an anion or negatively charged

A

Excess charge

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6
Q

Excess or deficiency? a cation or positively charged ion

A

Deficiency charge

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7
Q

Cathode or anode? negative pole of an electric current

A

Cathode

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8
Q

Cathode or anode? positive pole of an electric current

A

anode

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9
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? electrical potential difference between 2 points in an electrical field that is the driving force that causes charged particles to move

A

Voltage (V)

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10
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? opposition to movement of charged particles in a medium ( in a direct current)

A

Resistance (R)

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11
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? opposition to the flow of charged particles in an alternating current

A

Impedence (Z)

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12
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? ease with which charged particles move through a medium

A

Conductance (G)

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13
Q

Charge, polarity, current, voltage, resistance, impedence, conductance, or frequency? number of pulses per second (pps) of pulsed current or cycles per sec (Hz) of AC (bursts per second-bups, beats per second-bps)

A

Frequency

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14
Q

Which one is DC? Resistance or Impedence

A

Resistance

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15
Q

Which one is AC? Resistance or Impedence

A

Impedence

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16
Q

Monophasic, biphasic refers to what phase?

A

Number of phases

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17
Q

Symmetrical, asymmetrical refers to what phase?

A

Symmetry of phases

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18
Q

Balanced, unbalanced refers to what phase?

A

Balance of phase charge

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19
Q

Sinusoidal, rectangular, triangular, spike refers to what phase?

A

Waveform or phase shape

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20
Q

Name the 3 types of electrical currents used in PT

A

1) Direct (DC)
2) Alternating (AC)
3) Pulsed (PC)

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21
Q

Direct (DC) - continuous or uninterrupted (bidrectional or unidirectional) flow of charged particles, the direction is determined by the __ chosen. Is there a reversal of current?

A

continuous or uninterrupted unidirectional flow of charged particles, the direction is determined by the polarity chosen. There is no reversal of current.

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22
Q

Direct (DC) - Clinical use examples- __ (common), stimulation of __ muscle (not so common), __ healing

A

Clinical use examples- iontophoresis (common), stimulation of denervated muscle (not so common), wound healing

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23
Q

DC - Has __ and __ polarity of electrodes & can produce __ reaction under electrodes

A

Has + and - polarity of electrodes, can produce chemical reaction under electrodes

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24
Q

DC - Anode (+ electrode) - (reduce or oxidation) of anions (negative ions) produces an (alkaline or acidic reaction, Sclerotic (toughening or softening agent)

A

Anode (+ electrode) - oxidation of anions (negative ions) produces an acidic reaction, Sclerotic (toughening agent)

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25
Q

DC - Cathode (- electrode) - (reduce or oxidation) of cations (positive ions) produces an (alkaline or acidic) reaction, sclerolytic (toughening or softening agent)

A

Cathode (- electrode) - reduce cations (positive ions) produces an alkaline reaction, sclerolytic (softening agent)

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26
Q

ALTERNATING (AC) CURRENT- continuous or uninterrupted (unidirectional or bi-directional) flow of charged particles. __ current is AC.

A

ALTERNATING (AC) CURRENT- continuous or uninterrupted bi-directional flow of charged particles. Household current is AC.

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27
Q

AC - alternates __ of electrodes

A

alternates polarity of electrodes

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28
Q

AC - Any type of chemical rxn?

A

no net chemical reaction

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29
Q

AC - expressed in __ or __ __ __(cps)

A

expressed in hertz(HZ) or cycles per second (cps)

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30
Q

What type of eStim is this? an alternating current with a frequency between 1,000-10,000 HZ

A

Medium Frequency - an alternating current with a frequency between 1,000-10,000 HZ

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31
Q

AC - __: formed by the interference between 2 medium frequency currents

A

Interferential– formed by the interference between 2 medium frequency currents

32
Q

AC - __ protocol current uses a medium frequency alternating current of 2500 HZ delivered in bursts of 50 bursts/sec – for strengthening

A

Russian protocol current uses a medium frequency alternating current of 2500 HZ delivered in bursts of 50 bursts/sec – for strengthening

33
Q

AC is generally used for i__, pre__, and R__ protocol stimulation

A

Interferential, premodulated, and Russion protocol stimulation

34
Q

Which type of current is most common form used in electrotherapy?

A

Pulsed Current (PC)

35
Q

Pulsed Current (PC) - can be __ or bi__ bi-__ movement of charged particles that periodically ceases or is interrupted for a period of time

A

can be DC or biphasic -bi-directional movement of charged particles that periodically ceases or is interrupted for a period of time

36
Q

PC - unidirectional pulsed current = interrupted __

A

unidirectional pulsed current = interrupted DC

37
Q

PC - bi-directional pulsed current = interrupted __

A

bi-directional pulsed current = interrupted biphasic

38
Q

PC - many currents in today’s machines are (asymmetrical or symmetrical) (monophasic or biphasic) (including the machines we will use)

A

many currents in today’s machines are symmetrical biphasic (including the machines we will use)

39
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - __: the shape or the visual representation of a single pulse phases. Give 2 examples.

A

Waveform…1) monophasic 2) biphasic

40
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - __:refers to shape of the waveform in each phase, (monophasic or biphasic) waveforms can be symmetrical or asymmetrical

A

Symmetry refers to shape of the waveform in each phase, biphasic waveforms can be symmetrical or asymmetrical

41
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - __ or __:refers to amount of current flowing in each of two phases of the biphasic wave form

A

balanced or unbalanced

42
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - __ __: - can be rectangular, square, triangular, sawtooth, spiked, sinusoidal

A

geometrical shape: `can be rectangular, square, triangular, sawtooth, spiked, sinusoidal

43
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - Geometrical shape: monophasic PC with twin spikes = __

A

monophasic PC with twin spikes = HVPC = high volt PC

44
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - Amplitude or Intensity 1) magnitude of the current - measured in __ 2) magnitude of the voltage - measured in __

A

1) magnitude of the current - measured in amperes (amps) , milliamps (mamps) 2) magnitude of the voltage - measured in volts or millivolts

45
Q

Characteristics of eSTIM in PC - __: number of times per second that a pulse, cycle, burst, beat repeats itself

A

Frequency – number of times per second that a pulse, cycle, burst, beat repeats itself

46
Q

Match the type of freq with the electrotherapy: pps, Hz, bups, bps & pulsed current, AC, Russian current and in modulated TENS, Interferential

A

pps - pulses per second ( pulsed current)
Hz - cycles per second (AC)
bups - bursts per second ( Russian current and in modulated TENS)
bps - beats per second (Interferential)

47
Q

PC - Defn: A flow of current that s__ and s__, being madeup of pulses. Pulsed current may be __phasic (__directional) or __phasic (__drectional).

A

A flow of current that stops and starts, being madeup of pulses. Pulsed current may be monophasic (unidirectional) or biphasic (bidrectional).

48
Q

(Ameliorating muscle dysfunction, Pain Suppression, or Tissue repair (Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair-ESTR))
1) Iontophoresis 2) High Volt Pulsed Current-HVPC 3) NMES 4) HVPC for edema

A

Tissue Repair (Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair-ESTR)

49
Q

(Ameliorating muscle dysfunction, Pain Suppression, or Tissue repair (Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair-ESTR))
1) (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) –TENS 2) Interferential

A

Pain Suppression

50
Q

(Ameliorating muscle dysfunction, Pain Suppression, or Tissue repair (Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair-ESTR))
1) Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation-NMES 2) Functional Electrical Stimulation-FES 3) Electrical Muscle Stimulation-EMS

A

Ameliorating muscle dysfunction

51
Q

Name the 10 Contraindications of eSTIM:

  1. Implanted __ __ devices ( cardiac demand pacemaker, bladder stimulator) 2. over p__ __ 3. over superficial m__ i__ 4. when a__ motion is contraindicated - if stimulating for a muscle __ (acute f__) 5. active b__ in area being stimulated 6. over m__ 7. __itis 8. severely impaired s__
  2. over trans__ or anterior __ area
  3. placement of electrodes over __ sinus
A
  1. Implanted electrical pacing devices ( cardiac demand pacemaker, bladder stimulator)
  2. over pregnant uterus
  3. over superficial metal implants
  4. when active motion is contraindicated - if stimulating for a muscle contraction (acute fracture)
  5. active bleeding in area being stimulated
  6. over malignancies
  7. phlebitis
  8. severely impaired sensation
  9. over transthoracic or anterior cervical area
  10. placement of electrodes over carotid sinus
52
Q

Name the 5 Precautions of eSTIM:

  1. open w__ or broken s__ in treatment area
  2. extreme e__
  3. un__ patients
  4. c__disease
  5. Malignant t__
A
  1. open wounds or broken skin in treatment area
  2. extreme edema
  3. unreliable patients
  4. cardiac disease
  5. Malignant tumors
53
Q

Name the 5 adverse Effects of eSTIM:

  1. skin i__
  2. b__ under electrodes
  3. A__ to adhesive backing on electrodes/tape
  4. A__ to gel
  5. allergic reactions to m__ used for ion__ pain
A
  1. skin irritation
  2. burns under electrodes
  3. Allergy to adhesive backing on electrodes/tape
  4. Allergy to gel
  5. allergic reactions to medications used for iontophoresis pain
54
Q

Name the 5 parameters of eSTIM:

1) Choice of appropriate type of c__ for the task
2) Application of s__ (fr__, r__, on/off, etc.)
3) Electrode s__ & p__
4) A__
5) D__

A

1) Choice of appropriate type of current for the task
2) Application of stimulus (freq, ramp, on/off, etc.)
3) Electrode size & placement
4) Amplitude
5) Duration

55
Q

Application of stimulus: Frequency - rate = # of __ per __

A

Frequency - rate = number of pulses per second

56
Q

Application of stimulus: Ramp - Slow rise __ & __ of the current intensity, often set in machine at __ or __ sec, sometimes __, allows for more comfortable and __ contraction

A

-Ramp (slow rise up and down of the current intensity often set in machine at 2 or 3 seconds , sometimes variable, allows for more comfortable and natural contraction

57
Q

Application of stimulus: On/Off cycle of the stimulus (formerly called __)- used in (sensory or motor) stimulation

A

On/Off cycle of the stimulus (formerly called surge)- used in motor stimulation

58
Q

Application of stimulus: On/Off cycle: 1:1 (e.g. 6 sec on/6 sec off) - fatigues quickly, common, or early phase rehab often?

A

fatigues quickly

59
Q

Application of stimulus: On/Off cycle: 1:3 (e.g. 6 sec on/18 sec off) - fatigues quickly, common, or early phase rehab often?

60
Q

Application of stimulus: On/Off cycle: 1:5 (e.g. 6 sec on/30 sec off) - fatigues quickly, common, or early phase rehab often?

A

early phase rehab often

61
Q

Application of stimulus: Name the 2 types of stimulation when using 2 channels

A

1) Synchronous stimulation

2) Reciprocal stimulation

62
Q

Synchronous stimulation: both channels on and off at (same or different) times

63
Q

Reciprocal stimulation: (alternate or same) stimulation between channels

A

alternate stimulation between channels

64
Q

Electrode size: the smaller the electrode, the (lesser or greater) the current density

A

the smaller the electrode, the greater the current density

65
Q

Define current density = the ratio of maximum current __ to electrode stimulation __

A

current density = ratio of maximum current amplitude to electrode stimulation surface

66
Q

Current density is expressed in?

A

mA/cm^2 = milliamperes per square centimeter

67
Q

Electrode size and placement: Name the 3 placement techniques

A

1) Monopolar
2) Bipolar
3) Quadripolar

68
Q

Electrode size and placement: Monopolar technique is common in (AC or DC) current application such as __ and in __ stimulation

A

common in DC current application such as iontophoresis and in HVPC stimulation

69
Q

Electrode size and placement: Bipolar technique-two electrodes of (same or different) size (common in biphasic PC applications but can use monopolar technique for small muscles or muscle groups)

A

two electrodes of same size (common in biphasic PC applications but can use monopolar technique for small muscles or muscle groups)

70
Q

Electrode size and placement-Quadripolar technique: four electrodes ( 2 from each channel)
Can be __ (as in NMES with 2 channels or
__ (for interferential current)

A

4 electrodes (2 from each channel): Can be parallel (as in NMES with 2 channels or crisscrossed (for interferential current)

71
Q

Electrode placement: 1) Over m__ points for stimulation of muscles for contraction 2) over areas of p__ 3) along d__ 4) r__ patterns for electroanalgesia 5) transa__ (across a joint)

A

Over motor points for stimulation of muscles for contraction, over areas of pain, along dermatomes , referral patterns for electroanalgesia, transarthrally (across a joint)

72
Q

Electrode placement: Distance between electrodes affects depth of penetration such that: (closer or further) =more superficial penetration

A

closer = more superficial penetration

73
Q

Electrode placement: Distance between electrodes affects depth of penetration such that: (closer or further) =more deep penetration

A

further = more deep penetration

74
Q

Amplitude (__) - amount of __ applied, dependent on g__, often limited by patient t__

A

Amplitude (intensity) - amount of current applied, dependent on goals, often limited by patient tolerance

75
Q

Duration: muscular (motor) stimulation - may be __-__ minutes dependent on fatigue

A

muscular (motor) stimulation - may be 5-20 minutes dependent on fatigue

76
Q

Electrode placements: Electrodes shpuld beplaed at least __ inches apart

77
Q

For motor stimulation, one electrode should be placed on the __ point for the muscle (generally in the __ of the muscle belly) and the other electrode should be placed __ on the muscle so that the current flows __ to the muscle fibers

A

For motor stimulation, one electrode should be placed on the motor point for the muscle (generally in the middle of the muscle belly) and the other electrode should be placed elsewhere on the muscle so that the current flows parallel to the muscle fibers

Extremities (6 decks)

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