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Principles of Surgery > Electrosurgery > Flashcards

Electrosurgery Flashcards

1
Q

what is bipolar electrosurgery?

A

active output and patient return are both at surgery site
current path confined to tissue between forceps

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2
Q

what is monopolar electrosurgery?

A

active electrode is in the wound
patient return electrode is attached somewhere else
current must flow through the patient

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3
Q

what does electrocautery refer to?

A

direct current

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4
Q

what are the four components of a monopolar circuit?

A

generator
active electrode
patient
patient return electrode

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5
Q

what is important about the electrosurgical generator with safety?

A

minimal neuromuscular stimulation
no risk of electrocution

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6
Q

waveform affects ___________ heat is produced

A

rate

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7
Q

what are some variables that impact tissue effect?

A

waveform
power setting
size of electrode
time
manipulation of electrode
type of tissue
eschar

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8
Q

what is the preferred pathway back in isolated electrosurgical systems?

A

patient return electrode

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9
Q

what is the difference between the active and patient return electrode?

A

relative size
conductivity

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10
Q

what areas should you avoid when placing pad sites?

A

vascular insufficiency
irregular body contours
bony prominences

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11
Q

what will the return electrode monitoring do if the resistance is too high?

A

will automatically shut down unit

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12
Q

when using the return electrode monitoring, what should you do if the system is not working well?

A

check the ground

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13
Q

laser smoke from a gram of tissue is equivalent to three unfiltered cigarettes
electrosurgical smoke is equivalent to _____________________________

A

six unfiltered cigarettes

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14
Q

is inert particulate matter filtered by the mask?

A

no

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15
Q

how does tissue fusion technology such as ligasure (valleylab-covidian) fuse vessels?

A

bipolar energy and pressure

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16
Q

what are the advantages of cryosurgery/cryotherapy?

A

speed
expense per treatment
ease of treatment
safety (minimal anesthesia)

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17
Q

what sites are treated with cryosurgery/cryotherapy with predictable success?

A

eyelid
perianal
oral
skin

18
Q

what is commonly used in cryosurgery/cryosurgery in veterinary medicine?

A

liquid nitrogen
nitrous oxide

19
Q

what are the four parameters of tissue destruction with cryosurgery/cryotherapy?

A

temperature produced in the tissue
cooling rate
warming rate
repeated freezing

20
Q

when will a scab form with cryosurgery/cryotherapy?

A

within a few days

21
Q

what does laser stand for in laser surgery?

A

light
amplification by
stimulated
emission of
radiation

22
Q

what are the components of a surgical laser?

A

power source
laser medium
chamber to stimulate the emission of photons

23
Q

what are the properties of laser light?

A

monochromicity
coherence
collimation
high power

24
Q

what is a critical property of laser light?

A

monochromicity

25
Q

what is a fundamental goal of laser-tissue interactions?

A

absorption by specific targets

26
Q

what is the definition of chromophores?

A

light absorbing tissue components

27
Q

what is ND:YAG absorbed by?

A

red

28
Q

what are the safety components of biomedical lasers?

A

glasses
smoke
fire
reflects off instruments

29
Q

what are the properties of electricity?

A

current
circuit
voltage
resistance

30
Q

what happens when electrons encounter resistance?

A

heat is produced

31
Q

where should you place a patient return electrode?

A

well vascularized muscle mass

32
Q

what chemicals are in biological tissue smoke?

A

formaldehyde
acetaldehyde
toluene

33
Q

are biologically active things filtered by the mask?

A

yes

34
Q

what size vessels can be fused with tissue fusion technology?

A

up to 7mm

35
Q

what things can generally be removed via cryosurgery?

A

benign and small things

36
Q

what does spray freezing deliver?

A

combination of vapor and liquid nitrogen

37
Q

how are probes in probe freezing cooled?

A

circulating liquid cryogen through them

38
Q

are antibiotics necessary for cryosurgery?

A

not always

39
Q

what are the three types of laser effects on tissue?

A

photothermal
photochemical
photomechanical

40
Q

what do you use in laser surgery using carbon dioxide to direct it?

A

mirrors or mirror lined tubes

41
Q

what are some uses of laser surgery?

A

exploring chronic draining tracts
brachycephalic syndrome: elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, everted laryngeal saccules
lateral ear resection
spay and neuter
skin incisions for celiotomy procedures

Principles of Surgery (12 decks)

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