electrons, bonding and structure Flashcards
what is ionisation energy
energy required to take an electron off outer shell
what 3 factors affect ionisation energy
atomic radius
nuclear charge
electron shielding
explain how atomic radius affects the ionisation energy
the greater the atomic radius the smaller the attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell of electrons
explain how nuclear charge affects ionisation
this creates a greater attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell
explain how electron shielding affects ionisation
the electrons create repulsion between themselves and the other electrons on the other shells forcing the shells further apart so attraction between electrons and nucleus is weaker
how many different types of orbitals are there
4
how many electrons can a s orbital hold
2
how many electrons does a p orbital hold
6
how many electrons does a d orbital hold
10
how many electrons does a f orbital hold
14
what is the afbau principle
electrons will fill from from the lowest energy orbital first.
4s is lower energy than the 3d orbital
what is pauli exclusion theorem
each orbital must not contain more than 2 electrons
these 2 electrons with spin in the opposite direction to overcome the repulsion
what is hunds rule
electrons singularly occupy each orbital before they pair up
what is covalent bonding
bonding between 2 non metals
electrons are shared
covalent bond is attraction between nuclei of bonded atoms
overcomes repulsion between the nuclei
this creates a very strong bond
what are lone pairs
a pair of electrons that aren’t involved in a bond
