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Higher Engineering Science > Electronics and Control > Flashcards

Electronics and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for Ohms Law?

A

V=IR

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2
Q

What is the unit for voltage?

A

Voltage is measured in volts, V.

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3
Q

What is the unit for resistance?

A

Resistance is measured in ohms, Ω.

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4
Q

What is the unit for current?

A

Current is measured in amperes or amps, A.

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5
Q

Why are NPN transistors more common than PNP transistors?

A

NPN transistors are more common because they are cheaper and slightly faster than PNP transistors.

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6
Q

When should the optimum transistor operate.

A

The optimum transistor should operate when the base voltage reaches 0.7V. This is called the saturation voltage.

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7
Q

How should you write ON when making a hand-drawn flowchart?

A

ON should be written as HIGH.

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8
Q

How should you write OFF when making a hand-drawn flowchart?

A

OFF should be written as LOW.

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9
Q

How should a delay be written as in a hand-drawn flowchart?

A

A delay should be written as WAIT.

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10
Q

How should an input be written as in a hand-drawn flowchart?

A

An input should be written as a PIN.

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11
Q

If you are not given a micro controller table in a question what should you do first?

A

You should always make a micro controller table if you are not given one.

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12
Q

What is a transistor?

A

A transistor acts as an electronic switch and amplifies the current in a circuit.

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13
Q

What is the non-linear range of current gain?

A

This is the region between 0.6V and 0.7V in which the current gain is inconsistent.

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14
Q

What is the formula for current gain?

A

Current gain = Ic/Ib

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15
Q

Does current gain have a unit?

A

No.

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16
Q

What is the formula for voltage dividers?

A

V1/V2=R1/R2

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17
Q

What electronic component changes its resistance depending on the temperature around it?

A

A thermistor.

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18
Q

What electronic component turns light energy into electrical energy?

A

A photovoltaic cell (or solar cell).

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19
Q

What electronic component allows current to flow in one direction only?

A

A diode.

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20
Q

What electronic components turn electrical energy into sound energy?

A

A buzzer or loudspeaker.

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21
Q

What electronic circuit allows the supply voltage to be split across two resistors?

A

A voltage divider allows this to happen.

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22
Q

What component should come before the control unit of any sub-system diagram that has feedback?

A

An error detector should be put before the control unit.

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23
Q

What is proportional control.

A

Proportional control is when one quantity varies relevant to another.

24
Q

What symbols are used to indicate a NOT, an OR and an AND gate in a Boolean expression?

A

NOT - This is represented with a bar ¯ above its corresponding letter.
OR - This is represented with a plus + in-between two letters.
AND - This is represented with a dot · in-between two letters.

25
Q

What is the Boolean expression for a NOT gate?

A

Z = Ā

26
Q

What is the Boolean expression for an OR gate?

A

Z = A + B

27
Q

What is the Boolean expression for an AND gate?

A

Z = A · B

28
Q

What is a relay?

A

A relay is an electromagnetic switch.

29
Q

What does MOSFET stand for?

A

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

30
Q

What is the unit for transconductance?

A

A/V

31
Q

Why is a MOSFET used instead of a transistor?

A
  • A transistor is current dependant. Whereas a MOSFET is voltage dependant.
  • They have a low Drain-Source resistance.
  • They can take large Drain-Source currents.
  • They have a low power consumption compared to a transistor.
  • The input from a micro-controller is low current so it suits MOSFETs.
  • A transistor consumes power while off a MOSFET does not.
32
Q

What are the six types of op-amp configurations?

A

Inverting, non-inverting, voltage follower, summing, comparator and difference amplifier.

33
Q

What type of op-amp configuration is the same as open loop control?

A

The comparator configuration.

34
Q

What type of op-amp configuration is the same as closed loop control?

A

The difference amplifier configuration.

35
Q

What is the main thing to remember about the output signal of an op-amp?

A

As the output of the op-amp increases saturation starts to occur and a “clipping” effect will be noticed. This normally occurs when the output reaches 85% of Vcc.

36
Q

What does Ao stand for?

A

Open loop gain. The voltage gain of an op-amp can be up to 200,000.

37
Q

What happens if there is a small difference between the two inputs of an op-amp?

A

Any small difference between the two inputs would be amplified by Ao and produce saturation.

38
Q

How is the gain of an op-amp reduced?

A

In order to reduce the gain, a small amount of the output signal is often fed back to the inverting input through a feedback resistor, Rf.

39
Q

What qualities should an “ideal” amplifier have.

A

An “ideal” amplifier should have the following qualities:

  • An infinite input resistance.
  • Zero output resistance (no effect on amplifier output).
  • An extremely high gain (typically 200,000).
  • No output when the input is Zero.
40
Q

What does op-amp stand for?

A

Operational Amplifier.

41
Q

If there is a positive signal going into the inverting input of an op-amp, what is the output?

A

The op-amp will have a negative output.

42
Q

If there is a positive signal going into the non-inverting input of an op-amp, what is the output?

A

The op-amp will have a positive output.

43
Q

What can an op-amp be used to do?

A

An op-amp can add, subtract, multiply and divide.

44
Q

How is the performance of FET measured?

A

The performance of a FET is measured by its transconductance (gm).

45
Q

What does the term “Transconductive Amplifier” mean in terms of MOSFETs?

A

A transconductive amplifier is when the size of the output current varies according to the input voltage.

46
Q

When is a Darlington pair used?

A

A Darlington pair is used when a high current gain is required. For this two transistors are used.

47
Q

What does “EMF” stand for?

A

EMF stands for electromagnetic force.

48
Q

What does a diode do?

A

A diode stops the flow of current in one direction.

49
Q

Name the six main parts of a microcontroller.

A

ALU, ROM, RAM, Clock, Bus and EEPROM.

50
Q

What is an ALU?

A

An ALU is the Arithmetic and Logic Unit. This is the brain of the microcontroller.

51
Q

What is ROM?

A

ROM – Read Only Memory.
The ROM contains the operating instructions for the microcontroller. It is put onto the microcontroller before it is installed into the appliance and is permanent and can not be erased. Even when the appliance is turned off.

52
Q

What is RAM?

A

RAM – Random Access Memory.
This type of memory is temporary. When the power is turned off it loses all of its data. It is used to store information during calculations.

53
Q

What is the clock in a microcontroller?

A

The clock controls the speed that the ALU operates at.

54
Q

What is the bus in a microcontroller?

A

A bus is a connection between different parts in the microcontroller.

55
Q

What is the EEPROM in a microcontroller?

A

EEPROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
This is a type of ROM that can be reprogrammed when desired. It is still considered to be permanent though and the data is not lost when the appliance is switched off.

Higher Engineering Science (3 decks)

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