Electronegativity and bond polarity Flashcards
1
Q
What is Electronegativity?
A
Electronegativity is the measure of the attractions of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.
2
Q
What changes when the bonded atoms are different elements?
A
- The nuclear charges are different
- The atoms may be different sizes
- The shared pair of electrons may be closer to one nucleus than the other.
- in molecules of the same elements, electrons are shared evenly
3
Q
How is Electronegativity measured?
A
- The Pauling scale has the Pauling electronegativity values and it can be used to compare E.N of elements
- Electronegativity depends of an element’s position in the periodic table
- Nuclear charge increases across the periodic table and Atomic Radius decreases as you go up the table - Atomic radius has a bigger influence that nuclear charge
- Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine and Chlorine are the most EN
4
Q
How do Ionic bonds occur?
A
- When the EN difference is large, one bonded atom will have a much greater attraction and it will have gained control of the electrons
5
Q
Bond types and the Electronegativity difference:
A
- Covalent = 0
- Polar covalent = 0-1.8
- Ionic = >1.8
6
Q
Non-polar bonds
A
- In non polar bonds, electrons are shared equally.
- This happens when the bonded atoms are the same or if the bonded atoms have the same or similar EN
- Molecules of elements such as H2 where electrons are shared equally are called Pure Covalent bonds.
- Carbon and Hydrogen are a non-polar bond
7
Q
Polar bonds
A
- A bond will be polar when the bonded atoms are different and have different electronegativity values, resulting in a polar covalent bond
- A bond becomes polarised with one atom having a slightly positive charge and the other have a slightly negative charge
- This separation of opposite charges is called a dipole
- Dipole in polar covalent bonds are permanent
8
Q
Polar Molecules
A
- Multiple polar bonds may reinforce the polarity and make the molecule as a whole more polar - this happens in shapes with lone pairs
- Or they may oppose each other and cancel each other out thus becoming non polar