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METABOLISM 2 > Electron Transport Chain > Flashcards

Electron Transport Chain Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

A

Breaking down Glucose (6c) into 2 pyruvate(3c)

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3
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

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4
Q

What is the actual production of ate?

A

4 ATP but 2 are used in activation stage

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5
Q

Where does Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

What is the entry product of K cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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7
Q

What are the main products of K cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP (ATP)
2 CO2

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8
Q

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis and before K cycle?

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA (2) by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

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9
Q

Where does ETC happen?

A

Between mitochondrial matrix and inter membrane space

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10
Q

What are the electron carriers in ETC?

A
  • Flavoproteins (FAD&FMN)
  • Ubiquinone
  • Cytochromes (heme + Fe2-Fe3)
  • Iron-sulphur
  • Copper complexes
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11
Q

How are copper ions complexed ?

A

They are complexed with Cystein or Heme

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12
Q

What do cytochromes contain?

A

Heme groups with iron ions

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13
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 1?

A

4

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14
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 2?

A

0

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15
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 3?

A

4

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16
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 4?

A

2

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17
Q

How many protons are transferred per NADH, so 2 electrons?

A

10

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18
Q

How many protons are transferred per Fadh, so 2 electrons?

A

6

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19
Q

What does complex 1 do?

A

Oxidises Nadh to Nad+ and reduces FMN. 2 electrons then are relayed through Fe-S centres to protein N-2.

The 2e then reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol

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20
Q

What are the three forms of ubiqui…?

A
  • Ubiquinone (Q)
  • Semiubiquinone (°Q-)
  • Ubiquinol (QH2)
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21
Q

What does Complex 2 do?

A

Oxidises Succinate to fumarate while transferring 2e to Fad and then through several Fe-S centres and eventually makeS QH2

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22
Q

What are the three subunits of functional core of complex 3?

A

1) Rieske Fe-S proteins
2) Cytochrome c1 ( heme c1)
3) Cytochrome b (Each Cytochrome b has a distinct binding site for ubiquinone (Qp and QN)

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23
Q

What does each QH2 donate in complex 3?

A

one electron to cytochrome C

one to a Q (1st step) or Q- (2nd step)

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24
Q

What is the net traffic of QH2 in complex 3?

A

2 QH2 come in but one QH2 comes out

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25
Q

What are the products of complex 3?

A

1 QH2
2 cytochrome C
4 H+ pumped

26
Q

Describe first step of Complex 3

A

one electron goes up through Fe-S to cytochrome C which becomes reduced.

The other electron goes to heme bl and bh and then to Q and makes it °Q-

27
Q

Describe second step of Complex 3

A

One electron from QH2 goes up through Fe-S to a second cytochrome C which becomes reduced.

The other electron goes to heme BL and Bh and then to °Q-and makes it QH2

28
Q

What is type b cytochrome bound to?

A

Bound via the central ion to histidine chain

29
Q

What is type c cytochrome bound to?

A

Coordinated by histidine chain but also bound via thioethyl bonds to cysteines

30
Q

What is type a cytochrome bound to ?

A

Bound to histidine side chains but also to a long hydrophobic tail

31
Q

What does rotenone inhibit?

A

The transport go electrons from Fe-S center to ubiquinone

32
Q

What does Cyanide inhibit?

A

Cytochrome oxidase(complex iv)

33
Q

What does antimycin do?

A

inhibits Complex III by blocking electron transfer from heme bH to Q by binding to QN

34
Q

Describe function of Complex IV

A

Electrons flow from cytochrome C to CuA(II), then heme a (I) , then heme a3(I) and to CuB(I) and finally to oxygen. 4 electrons make 2H2O.

35
Q

Protons translocated by NADH

A

10

36
Q

Protons translocated by Succinate (FADH)

A

6

37
Q

What is stationary in ATP synthase?

A

Alpha-beta ring

38
Q

What is moving in ATP synthase?

A

Gamma subunit moves of 120°

39
Q

How many protons to make 1 app?

A

3

40
Q

What is the highest energy barrier for app synthesis?

A

ATP release

41
Q

How many protons in total cross the membrane in production of 1 ATP?

A

4H: 3 in the ATP synthase and 1 in Phosphate translocase (transport of P)

42
Q

How many ATP per glucose?

A

30-32

43
Q

Why is measurement of P/O ratio tricky?

A
  • Different ATP synthases have different numbers of C subunits
  • Mitochondria consume ATP in many reactions in the matrix
  • Mitochondria consume oxygen for purposes other than oxidative phosphorylation
44
Q

How do ROS create?

A

When rate of electron entry in etc and electron transfer is mismatched. The radical Q- can pass an electron to Oxygen making a radical

45
Q

Describe mechanism that converts ROS

A

Superoxide disputasse transforms O2- into H202.

Then this is made harmless by Glutathione peroxidase

46
Q

How does glutathione peroxidase work?

A

It oxidises GSH making it GSSG. This is then reduced by glutathione reductase using NADPH.

47
Q

P/O ratio for NADH

A

10/4 = 2.5

48
Q

P/O ratio for FADH2

A

6/4= 1.5

49
Q

How is NADH transported into mitochondria?

A

Malate-Aspartate shuttle

50
Q

Describe Malate-Aspartate shuttle

A

IN IMS
1. Oxaloacetate is reduced with NADH and becomes Malate (malate dehydrogenase)

  1. Malate goes in Matrix through Malate-alphaketoglutarate transporter(anti)

IN MATRIX
3. Malate passes 2e to Nad+ making NADH and oxaloacetate(malate dehydrogenase)

  1. Malate is transformed by Aspartate aminotransferase into Aspartate.
  2. Aspartate is transported back into IMS by Glutamate-aspartate transporter
  3. Aspartate is transformed into oxaloacetate by aspartate aminotransferase
51
Q

What cells use Malate-Aspartate shuttle )

A

Liver, Kidney and Heart

52
Q

What cells use Glycerol-3-Phosphate shuttle?

A

Skeletal muscle and brain

53
Q

How does Glycerol-3-Phosphate shuttle work?

A

In cytosol DiHydroxyAcetone Phosphate accepts two electron from NADH , thanks to glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

An isozyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase bound to the outer face of the inner membrane then transfers two reducing equivalents from glycerol 3-phosphate in the intermembrane space to ubiquinone. Complex III

54
Q

How many ATP are produced via Malate-Aspartate shuttle??

A

5 ATP

Because 2NADH> 2x10H> 20 H> 20/4 > 5

55
Q

How many ATP are produced via Glycerol-3-Phosphate

A

3 ATP

Because 2FADH2> 2x6H> 12H > 12/4> 3

56
Q

How do ADP and Pi control metabolism?

A

They accelerate TCA and ETC

57
Q

How many genes does the mtDNA contain?

A

36

58
Q

What is Leber’ hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) ?

A

Single base change causes arg> His mutation in complex 1 resulting in insufficient etc and atp synthesis.

59
Q

What is Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fibre Disease (MERRF) ?

A

Mutation of mtDNA that encodes for tRNA
Defective production of proteins
Skeletal muscle fibres have abnormality in mitochondrion shape

60
Q

What happens to glucose in glycolysis

A 
It is activated and rearranged. 
Phosphorylated twice (loss f 2 ATP) and FBP is committed stage.

Energy is captured when its broken into 2 3C, in 4ATP (7 and 10 stage) and in 2NADH (6)

61
Q

What does myxothiazol do =

A

prevents electron flow from QH2 to Rieske-Fe-S protein, binds at QP close to 2Fe-2S centre and heme bL

METABOLISM 2 (1 decks)

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