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METABOLISM 2 > Electron Transport Chain > Flashcards

Electron Transport Chain Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

A

Breaking down Glucose (6c) into 2 pyruvate(3c)

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3
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

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4
Q

What is the actual production of ate?

A

4 ATP but 2 are used in activation stage

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5
Q

Where does Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

What is the entry product of K cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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7
Q

What are the main products of K cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP (ATP)
2 CO2

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8
Q

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis and before K cycle?

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA (2) by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

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9
Q

Where does ETC happen?

A

Between mitochondrial matrix and inter membrane space

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10
Q

What are the electron carriers in ETC?

A
  • Flavoproteins (FAD&FMN)
  • Ubiquinone
  • Cytochromes (heme + Fe2-Fe3)
  • Iron-sulphur
  • Copper complexes
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11
Q

How are copper ions complexed ?

A

They are complexed with Cystein or Heme

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12
Q

What do cytochromes contain?

A

Heme groups with iron ions

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13
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 1?

A

4

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14
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 2?

A

0

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15
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 3?

A

4

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16
Q

How many protons are transferred in Complex 4?

A

2

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17
Q

How many protons are transferred per NADH, so 2 electrons?

A

10

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18
Q

How many protons are transferred per Fadh, so 2 electrons?

A

6

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19
Q

What does complex 1 do?

A

Oxidises Nadh to Nad+ and reduces FMN. 2 electrons then are relayed through Fe-S centres to protein N-2.

The 2e then reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol

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20
Q

What are the three forms of ubiqui…?

A
  • Ubiquinone (Q)
  • Semiubiquinone (°Q-)
  • Ubiquinol (QH2)
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21
Q

What does Complex 2 do?

A

Oxidises Succinate to fumarate while transferring 2e to Fad and then through several Fe-S centres and eventually makeS QH2

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22
Q

What are the three subunits of functional core of complex 3?

A

1) Rieske Fe-S proteins
2) Cytochrome c1 ( heme c1)
3) Cytochrome b (Each Cytochrome b has a distinct binding site for ubiquinone (Qp and QN)

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23
Q

What does each QH2 donate in complex 3?

A

one electron to cytochrome C

one to a Q (1st step) or Q- (2nd step)

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24
Q

What is the net traffic of QH2 in complex 3?

A

2 QH2 come in but one QH2 comes out

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25
What are the products of complex 3?
1 QH2 2 cytochrome C 4 H+ pumped
26
Describe first step of Complex 3
one electron goes up through Fe-S to cytochrome C which becomes reduced. The other electron goes to heme bl and bh and then to Q and makes it °Q-
27
Describe second step of Complex 3
One electron from QH2 goes up through Fe-S to a second cytochrome C which becomes reduced. The other electron goes to heme BL and Bh and then to °Q-and makes it QH2
28
What is type b cytochrome bound to?
Bound via the central ion to histidine chain
29
What is type c cytochrome bound to?
Coordinated by histidine chain but also bound via thioethyl bonds to cysteines
30
What is type a cytochrome bound to ?
Bound to histidine side chains but also to a long hydrophobic tail
31
What does rotenone inhibit?
The transport go electrons from Fe-S center to ubiquinone
32
What does Cyanide inhibit?
Cytochrome oxidase(complex iv)
33
What does antimycin do?
inhibits Complex III by blocking electron transfer from heme bH to Q by binding to QN
34
Describe function of Complex IV
Electrons flow from cytochrome C to CuA(II), then heme a (I) , then heme a3(I) and to CuB(I) and finally to oxygen. 4 electrons make 2H2O.
35
Protons translocated by NADH
10
36
Protons translocated by Succinate (FADH)
6
37
What is stationary in ATP synthase?
Alpha-beta ring
38
What is moving in ATP synthase?
Gamma subunit moves of 120°
39
How many protons to make 1 app?
3
40
What is the highest energy barrier for app synthesis?
ATP release
41
How many protons in total cross the membrane in production of 1 ATP?
4H: 3 in the ATP synthase and 1 in Phosphate translocase (transport of P)
42
How many ATP per glucose?
30-32
43
Why is measurement of P/O ratio tricky?
- Different ATP synthases have different numbers of C subunits - Mitochondria consume ATP in many reactions in the matrix - Mitochondria consume oxygen for purposes other than oxidative phosphorylation
44
How do ROS create?
When rate of electron entry in etc and electron transfer is mismatched. The radical Q- can pass an electron to Oxygen making a radical
45
Describe mechanism that converts ROS
Superoxide disputasse transforms O2- into H202. | Then this is made harmless by Glutathione peroxidase
46
How does glutathione peroxidase work?
It oxidises GSH making it GSSG. This is then reduced by glutathione reductase using NADPH.
47
P/O ratio for NADH
10/4 = 2.5
48
P/O ratio for FADH2
6/4= 1.5
49
How is NADH transported into mitochondria?
Malate-Aspartate shuttle
50
Describe Malate-Aspartate shuttle
IN IMS 1. Oxaloacetate is reduced with NADH and becomes Malate (malate dehydrogenase) 2. Malate goes in Matrix through Malate-alphaketoglutarate transporter(anti) IN MATRIX 3. Malate passes 2e to Nad+ making NADH and oxaloacetate(malate dehydrogenase) 4. Malate is transformed by Aspartate aminotransferase into Aspartate. 5. Aspartate is transported back into IMS by Glutamate-aspartate transporter 6. Aspartate is transformed into oxaloacetate by aspartate aminotransferase
51
What cells use Malate-Aspartate shuttle )
Liver, Kidney and Heart
52
What cells use Glycerol-3-Phosphate shuttle?
Skeletal muscle and brain
53
How does Glycerol-3-Phosphate shuttle work?
In cytosol DiHydroxyAcetone Phosphate accepts two electron from NADH , thanks to glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. An isozyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase bound to the outer face of the inner membrane then transfers two reducing equivalents from glycerol 3-phosphate in the intermembrane space to ubiquinone. Complex III
54
How many ATP are produced via Malate-Aspartate shuttle??
5 ATP Because 2NADH> 2x10H> 20 H> 20/4 > 5
55
How many ATP are produced via Glycerol-3-Phosphate
3 ATP Because 2FADH2> 2x6H> 12H > 12/4> 3
56
How do ADP and Pi control metabolism?
They accelerate TCA and ETC
57
How many genes does the mtDNA contain?
36
58
What is Leber' hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) ?
Single base change causes arg> His mutation in complex 1 resulting in insufficient etc and atp synthesis.
59
What is Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fibre Disease (MERRF) ?
Mutation of mtDNA that encodes for tRNA Defective production of proteins Skeletal muscle fibres have abnormality in mitochondrion shape
60
What happens to glucose in glycolysis
``` It is activated and rearranged. Phosphorylated twice (loss f 2 ATP) and FBP is committed stage. ``` Energy is captured when its broken into 2 3C, in 4ATP (7 and 10 stage) and in 2NADH (6)
61
What does myxothiazol do =
prevents electron flow from QH2 to Rieske-Fe-S protein, binds at QP close to 2Fe-2S centre and heme bL

METABOLISM 2 (1 decks)

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