Electron Transport Chain

Question 1

Important product of ETC is? (2 Answers)

Answer 1

FADH2 and NADH

Question 2

What are the three complexes in ETC that are proton pumps?

Answer 2

Complex I, Complex III, and Complex IV

Question 3

What is the name of complex I?

Answer 3

NADH : UbiQ Oxidoreductase

Question 4

What is the name of complex II?

Answer 4

Succinct DH

Question 5

What is the name for complex III?

Answer 5

CoQ - cytochrome Reductase

Question 6

What is the name of Complex IV?

Answer 6

Cytochrome Oxidase

Question 7

Complex I’s important by product is?

Answer 7

NAD+

Question 8

What is the name of the electron carrier between the complexes (Something and something will come back and fix)?

Answer 8

Cytochrome C

Question 9

Which complex allows electrons to leak out?

Answer 9

Complex I

Question 10

What are the two molecules symporter and phosphate translocase transfer from the intermembrane space to the matrix of the mitochondria?

Answer 10

H2PO4(-) and H+

Question 11

What are the two molecules antiporter and adenosine nucleotide translocate move in opposite direction?

Answer 11

ATP from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The second is ADP from the intermembrane space to matrix.

Question 12

What are the two shuttles used in the mitochondria?

Answer 12

1. Glycerol phosphate shuttle
2. Aspartate Malate Shuttle

Question 13

List the electron carriers in the mitochondria.

Answer 13

1. NADH, H+, and FADH2
2. Iron - sulfur protein
3. Ubiquinone (UQ) and Coenzyme Q
4. Cytochromes

Question 14

Note to self: Refer to slide 5 notes to make more flashcards

Question 15

The hydrogen ion concentration levels are generally ______ in the intermembrane to maintain the proton gradient.

Answer 15

High

Question 16

The hydrogen ion concentration levels are generally _____ in the matrix to maintain the proton gradient.

Answer 16

Low

Question 17

As the proton gradient is maintained what complex is used to produce ATP using ATP synthase?

Answer 17

Complex V

Question 18

What insecticide and antibiotic targets complex I?

Answer 18

Insecticide Rotenone, Antibiotic, and Amytal (Barbiturate)

Question 19

What antibiotic targets complex III?

Answer 19

Antimycin A

Question 20

If the patient is given oligomycin antibiotic would the OCR decrease or increase?

Answer 20

Decrease

Question 21

If the patient is given FCCP would the OCR decrease or increase?

Answer 21

Increase

Question 22

If the patient is given Rotenone would the OCR decrease or increase?

Answer 22

Decrease

Question 23

List the chemical uncouplers

Answer 23

1. DNP or 2,4 - dinitrophenol
2. CCCP or Chlorocarbonylcyanide Phenylhydrazone
3. Valinomycin

Question 24

What are the physiological uncouplers?

Answer 24

1. Thyroxin
2. Thermogenin a.k.a. Brown Fat

Question 25

Thermogenin a.k.a brown fat effect on mitochondria is

Answer 25

1. Bypass complex V
2. No ATP synthesis
3. Heat generation

Question 26

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 26

Mitochondria

Question 27

As the number of cristae increases means what also increases?

Answer 27

Rate of cellular respiration. Each cristae increases surface area of the mitochondria.

Question 28

The mitochondria has double membrane, outer & inner. Which one is permeable and which one is less permeable?

Answer 28

Inner membrane is less permeable
Outer membrane is more permeable

Question 29

What increases as mitochondria activity increases?

Answer 29

ROS. Moderate levels of ROS stimulate transcription of protective proteins (off topic)

Question 30

What is the malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer 30

A system to transport electrons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria because NAD+ and NADH cannot move past the inner membrane. To circumvent this, malate carries the reducing equivalents across the membrane using malate-aspartate shuttle.

Question 31

Describe glycerol phosphate shuttle

Answer 31

Shuttles electrons to mitochondrial carriers in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway from cytosolic NADH.

Question 32

Oxidative phosphorylation regulation is based on…?

Answer 32

Energy needs of the cell; ADP/ATP ratio

Question 33

What is the ratio for ATP per pair of electron from NADH and FADH2?

Answer 33

1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2.5 or 2 ATP

Question 34

What are the inhibitors of complex 1?

Answer 34

Rotenone (insecticide) & Amytal (barbiturate)

Question 35

What is the inhibitor for Complex III?

Answer 35

Antimycin A

Question 36

What are the inhibitors for Complex IV?

Answer 36

Cyanide, Azide & CO

Question 37

What is the inhibitor of Complex V?

Answer 37

Oligomycin

Question 38

What do uncouplers do?

Answer 38

Dissipate the proton gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane and produce heat in the process

Question 39

Valinomycin is an uncoupler in the presence of…?

Answer 39

Potassium

Question 40

How does CCCP work?

Answer 40

CCCP causes an uncoupling of the proton gradient that is established during the normal activity of electron carriers in the electron transport chain. The chemical acts essentially as an ionophore and reduces the ability of ATP synthase to function optimally.

Question 41

How does DNP work?

Answer 41

uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation from the electron transport chain in cells with mitochondria, by allowing hydrogen cations to pass from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix. Uncoupling it results in chemical energy from diet and energy stores such as triglycerides being wasted as heat with minimal regulation, leading to dangerously high body temperatures that may develop into heatstroke.