electrolytes and fluid balance

Question 1

What is the normal value for bicarb

Answer 1

21-28 mmol/L

Question 2

What is the normal value for chloride

Answer 2

98-106 mmol/L

Question 3

What is the normal value for phosphate

Answer 3

0.97-1.45 mmol/L

Question 4

What is the normal value for potassium

Answer 4

3.5-5.0 mmol/L

Question 5

What is the normal value for magnesium

Answer 5

0.74-1.07 mmol/L

Question 6

What is the normal value for sodium

Answer 6

135-145 mmol/L

Question 7

What is the normal value for calcium

Answer 7

2.25-2.75 mmol/L

Question 8

What is the normal value for ionized calcium

Answer 8

1.05-1.30 mmol/L

Question 9

Colloid Oncotic pressure

Answer 9

The osmotic pressure exerted by a colloid in a solution i.e. such as that produced when the concentration of protein in the plasma on one side of the blood vessel cell wall membrane is higher than that in the interstitial fluid.

Question 10

Osmotic pressure

Answer 10

The amount of pressure on the semi permeable membrane required to stop the flow of fluid

Question 11

Hypovolemia

Answer 11

Decreased blood volume resulting from loss of blood, plasma, or fluid. Also known as ECF deficit. Can be caused because of water deficiency, sodium deficiency, and isotonic extracellular fluid deficiency (proportional loss of water and sodium).

Question 12

What are the clinical causes of hypovolemia due to increased fluid loss?

Answer 12

Vomiting
Diarrhea
excessive sweating
Third space fluid shifting from burns
Fistula drainage
GI tract suction
Hemorrhage
Overuse of diuretics

Question 13

Hypervolemia

Answer 13

Increased blood volume from abnormal retention of fluids

Question 14

What are the clinical causes of hypervolemia

Answer 14

Heart failure
Long-term corticosteroid use
Cushing's syndrome
Renal failure 
Excessive IV fluids

Question 15

Dehydration

Answer 15

Excessive loss of water from the body tissues that is accompanied by an imbalance in the essential electrolyte concentrations

Question 16

Edema

Answer 16

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces such as in the pericardial sac, interpleural space, peritoneal cavity, joint capsules, and lower extremities

Question 17

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 17

The pressure exerted by a fluid

Question 18

Hyponatremia

Answer 18

Loss of sodium, or a dilution effect on sodium causing the serum levels to drop below 135 mmol/L.

Question 19

Causes of hponatremia

Answer 19

diarrhea
vomiting
fistulas
NG suction
diuretics
burns
wound drainage 
SIADH
Heart failure
Excessive IV fluids
Primary polydipsia

Question 20

What causes these symptoms:

irritability 
confusion
Postural hypotension
tachycardia
nausea,vomiting
Dry mucous membranes
Tremor, seizure, coma

Answer 20

Hyponatremia

due to sodium loss

Question 21

SIADH can cause….?

Answer 21

Hyponatremia

Question 22

Excessive sweating, burns, wound drainage, diuretics can cause….?

Answer 22

hyponatremia

Question 23

What causes these symptoms:

Headache
Apathy
nausea
vomiting
weight gain
Elevated BP
Muscle spasms
Seizure
Coma

Answer 23

Hyponatremia

due to sodium dilution