electrolytes Flashcards
What is the normal value for Potassium(K)?
3.5-5.0 mmol/L
What is the normal value for Magnesium (Mg)?
0.75-1.05 mmol/L
What is the normal value for Sodium (Na)?
135-145 mmol/L
What is the normal value for Calcium (Ca)?
Total: 2.25-2.75 mmol/L
ionized: 1.05-1.3 mmol/L
What are some causes of Na imbalance?
Na loss/gain, water loss/gain, renal loss
What are some clinical manifestations of Hypernaturemia?
F ever R estless I ncreased BP E dema D ecreased Urinary output
THIRST
What are some clinical manifestations of Hyponaturemia?
S tuper/coma A norexia L ethargy T endon reflexes decrease L imp muscles O rthostatic hypotension S eizure/HA S tomach cramping
What are some treatments for Hypernaturemia?
0.9% NS (isotonic) given SLOWLY
Diuretics
What are some treatments for Hyponaturemia?
fluid restrictions,
hypertonic solution. (3.0% NS)
How does Potassium work in the body?
nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cardiac rhythms.
What are some causes of hypokalemia?
from ECF -> ICF: Insulin, alkalosis, rapid cell building, beta-adrenergic stimulation
What are some causes of hyperkalemia?
from ICF -> ECF: acidosis, tissue catabolism (breakdown of tissue)
what organ regulates Potassium?
kidneys
what are some clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?
irritability, anxiety, abdo cramp, weakness, irregular pulse
what would the EKG look like in Hyperkalemia?
Tall peaked T wave,
ST depression,
Ventrical fib
what would the EKG look like in Hypokalemia?
ST depression,
Flattened T wave
Predominant U wave
what are some clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?
fatigue, muscle weakness, leg cramps, NVD, soft flabby arms, hyperglycemia
what are some treatments for hyperkalemia?
diet change,
diuretics
what are some treatments for hypokalemia?
K replacement
what is special to note about potassium replacement therapy?
KCl IV should never be given > 60 mmol at a rate less than or equal to 10-20 mEg/hour.
It should always be diluted and should never be given IB push.
How does Calcium work in the body?
bones, heart contraction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, never impulses
what are some causes of hypocalcemia?
renal problems, diuretics, alcoholism, thyroid surgery
what are some causes of hypercalcemia?
myeloma, hyperthyroidism, Vitamin D overdose
What are some clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?
lethargy, decreased reflexes, decreased memory, NVD, bone pain, dehydration
what are some clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia?
easy fatigue, increased nerve impulses, numbness/tingling in extremities, muscle cramps, chvosick’s sign, treasseu’s sign, increased DTR
what are some treatments for hypercalcemia?
increased weight bearing exercises, diuretics
what are some treatments for hypocalcemia?
diet
What is Magnesium important for in the body?
Intracellular. Essential for cellular processes
what are some causes of hypomagnesemia?
D,V, alcoholism, impaired absorption, NG suction, uncontrolled diabetes
what are some causes of hypermagnesemia?
renal failure, over treatment of eclampsia,
what are some clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia?
R eflexes decreased E KG changes N ausea& vomiting A ppearance flushed L ethargy
what are some clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia?
S eizures T etany A norexia R apid HR V omiting E motional lability D eep tendon reflexes increase Tremors, twitching, hypereflexia
what are some treatments of hypermagnesemia?
diuretics
what are some treatments of hypomagnesemia?
oral supplements, dietary intake, IV Mg IM
