Electrolytes Flashcards
Normal sodium range
135-145
What does sodium do?
Nerve impulses, muscle contractility, regulation of acid base balance
Sodium and balances are typically associated with what?
Imbalances in fluid volume like hypovolemia
What are the levels for hyponatremia?
<135
What are some causes of hyponatremia?
Fluid gain or sodium loss
What are some signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
Irritability, confusion, coma, seizures, hypertension, weight gain
What are some nursing interventions for hyponatremia?
Give hypertonic solution, put on fluid restrictions, watch for falls
What are the levels for hyper natremia?
> 145
What are some causes of hyper natremia?
Diet, water loss, sodium gain, dehydration,
What are signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?
Restlessness, Thirsty, weight loss, weakness, tachycardia, postural hypotension
What are some nursing interventions for hypernatremia?
Give fluids, give hypotonic fluids or isotonic fluids, get rid of excess sodium, watch for falls
What are the levels for magnesium?
1.5-2.5
What is the role of magnesium?
Necessary for protein and carbohydrate metabolism, maintains levels of potassium, involved in electrical activity in cardiac and muscles, maintains calcium and potassium balances,
What are the levels for hypomagnesemia?
<1.5
What are causes of hypomagnesemia?
Alcoholism, increased Reno loss, diuretics, fluid loss from the G.I. Tract
What are signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Resembles low calcium, changes in level of consciousness, hyper active deep tendon reflex is, tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias
What are nursing inventions for hypomagnesemia?
Treat by lowering calcium
What are the levels for hypermagnesemia?
> 2.5
What are signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
Hypo active deep tendon reflexes, Changes in level of consciousness, muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, bradycardia, hypotension
What are some nursing interventions for hypermagnesemia?
Magnesium correlates with calcium, raise calcium levels
What are the levels for potassium?
3.5-5.0
What is the role of potassium?
Conduction of cardiac rhythm, transmission of nerve and muscle impulses, acid base balance
What are the levels of hypo kalemia?
<3.5
What are the causes of hypo kalemia?
Metabolic alkalosis, Lasix IV insulin, magnesium deficiency, loss from the G.I. tract
What are signs and symptoms of hypo kalemia?
Cardiac issues (depressed T-wave, dysrhythmia, cardiac arrest, irregular heart rate) Fatigue, muscle weakness, leg cramps and pain
What are the levels of hyper kalemia?
> 5.0
What are some causes of hyperkalemia?
Salt substitutes, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, multiple blood transfusions
What are some signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Cardiac issues****, Muscle weakness leg cramps and pain, confusion, irritability
What are some nursing interventions for hypo kalemia?
Administer IV or PO potassium, eat bananas or oranges
What do you do when administering IV potassium?
Dilute it because it is irritating to pains, and monitor IV site, monitor cardiac
What are some nursing interventions for hyperkalemia?
Give diuretic to Pee it out, use Lasix, Kayexalate, regular insulin Ivy, monitor cardiac, watched he waves, Fall risk
How are sodium and potassium related?
Sodium drawls fluid out of cells and increases blood pressure, while potassium draws fluid into the cells and decreases BP, They are inversely related so an increase in one is a decrease in the other
What are the levels of calcium?
8.6-10.2
What is the role of calcium?
Conduction of cardiac rhythm structure of teeth and bones, blood clotting, inverse relationship with phosphate, transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
What is the level of hypocalcemia?
<8.6
What are causes of hypocalcemia?
Vitamin D deficiency, hypo-parathyroidism, acute pancreatitis
What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Excessive excitability, tetany, changes in LOC, cardiac dysrhythmias, positive trousseau sign and positive Chvosteks sign
What are hypercalcemia levels?
> 10.2
What are causes of hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism, Immobilization, malignancies
What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Decreased excitability, changes in LOC, cardiac dysrhythmias, Groans, moans, stones, bones
What are some nursing interventions of hypocalcemia?
If phosphate levels are high, lower phosphate levels, administer calcium and vitamin D intake
What are some nursing interventions for hypercalcemia?
Give calcitonin, monitor cardiac, monitor kidneys, raise phosphate levels if necessary
Phosphate range
2.4-4.4
What is phosphate reversely related to?
Calcium
What is the role of phosphate?
Muscles, RBCs, nervous system, found in bones and teeth, catalyst for cell reactions, Acid base buffering
Signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia
<2.4 changes in LOC, muscle weakness and pain, high calcium levels
Causes of hypophosphatemia
Alcohol withdrawal, diet
Causes of hyperphosphatemia
Chemo and poor kidney function
Signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia
Tetany, muscle cramps, parasthesia, seizures, low calcium
Interventions for hyperphosphatemia
Treat low calcium
