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CC LAB > ELECTROLYTES > Flashcards

ELECTROLYTES Flashcards

1
Q

found in intracellular fluid,
extracellular fluid and interstitial fluid

A

Electrolytes/Charged ions

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2
Q

– both ions are balanced

A

Electron neutrality

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3
Q

is the major cation in the ECF

A

Sodium

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4
Q

Major cation in ICF

A

Potassium

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5
Q

FUNCTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES

A
  1. Volume and osmotic regulation
  2. Myocardial rhythm and contractility
  3. Important cofactors in enzyme activation
  4. For the regulation of ATPase ion pumps
  5. Neuromuscular excitability
  6. Production and use of ATP from glucose
  7. Maintenance of acid-base balance
  8. Replication of DNA and the translation of mRNA
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6
Q

Reference range of Na

A

Reference range: 135-145 mmol/L

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7
Q

Largest constituent of plasma osmolality

A

Na

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8
Q

Sodium is also known as

A

Natrium

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9
Q

Concentration of Sodium depend on

A

✓ Intake of water
✓ Excretion of water

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10
Q

high Sodium levels

A

HYPERNATREMIA

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11
Q

______is the principle osmotic particle
outside of the cell

A

Sodium

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12
Q

low serum Sodium

A

HYPONATREMIA

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13
Q

HYPONATREMIA Reference range

A

(< 135 mmol/L)

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14
Q

HYPERNATREMIA Reference range

A

(> 145 mmol/L)

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15
Q

Fake lowering of sodium
* Caused by systematic error in measurement
or there is in vitro hemolysis

A

Psuedohyponatremia

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16
Q

DETERMINATION OF SODIUM
Methods:

A

✓ Chemical (Albanese Lein)
✓ Emission Flame Photometry
✓ AAS
✓ ISE – most common

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17
Q

DETERMINATION OF SODIUM
Plasma anticoagulant

A

Lithium heparin

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18
Q

T or F
Sodium determination is too much affected
by Hemolysis

A

F
not too much

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19
Q

– false decrease of
Sodium because of dilutional effectMarked hemolysis

A

Marked hemolysis

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20
Q

DETERMINATION OF SODIUM
Method:
Uses dual semi-permeable membrane;
More sensitive, more precise

A

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

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21
Q

POTASSIUM Reference range:

A

Reference range: 3.5 – 5.2 mmol/L

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22
Q

Kalium Critical value:

A

Critical value: <2.5 or >6.5

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23
Q

Another name for POTASSIUM

A

Kalium

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24
Q

Only _____ of total Potassium circulates in the plasma

A

2%

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25
Q

Single most important analyte in terms of
abnormalities.
it is life-threatening

A

POTASSIUM

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26
Q

low potassium and Reference range:

A

HYPOKALEMIA (<3.5 mmol/L)

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27
Q

high potassium and Reference range:

A

HYPERKALEMIA (> 5.2 mmol/L)

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28
Q

DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM
sample:
Plasma anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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29
Q

DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM
if _______ is used, there will be
disturbances in the levels of K+

A

serum

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30
Q

DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM
ISE – uses _______ that will trap
the Potassium

A

valinomycin membrane

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31
Q

Major anion of extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

CHLORIDE

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32
Q

CHLORIDE Reference Range:

A

Reference Range: 98 – 107 mmol/L

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33
Q

✓ Acts to maintain osmotic pressure
✓ Keeps body hydrated
✓ Maintains electric neutrality

A

CHLORIDE

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34
Q

______ is the only anion that serve as an
activator

A

Chloride

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35
Q

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:

A

✓ Amperometric-coulometric titration
✓ Mercurimetric titration (Schales and
Schales)
✓ Spectrophotometric methods
✓ ISE – most common

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36
Q

T or F
gross hemolysis affects chloride determination

A

T

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37
Q

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
Mercurimetric titration (Schales and Schales)
✓ Uses indicator:
✓ End product:

A

Diphenylcarbazone
Blue-violet

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38
Q

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
Amperometric-coulometric titration
✓ ______ _______– the brand used

A

Cotlove chloridometer

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39
Q

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
Spectrophotometric method
✓ _________ _________ – forms reddish
complex
✓________ _________ – also forms colored
complex

A

✓ Mercuric thiocyanate

✓ Ferric perchlorate

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40
Q

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
ISE
✓ Uses ___________ to detect
the chloride

A

ion-exchange membrane

41
Q

CALCIUM 3 forms

A

✓ 50% free/ionized – biologically active
✓ 40% bound to heparin – not active
✓ 10% bound to anions – not active

42
Q

CALCIUM
Reference Values:
________________ (total calcium)
________________ (ionized calcium)

A

✓ 8.6 – 10 mg/dL (total calcium)
✓ 4.6 – 5.3 mg/dL (ionized calcium)

43
Q

_______ is maximally absorbed in the duodenum

A

Calcium

44
Q

biologically active
~ the free Ca is the sensitive and specific
marker for calcium disorder

A

50% free/ionized

45
Q

Decreased ionized calcium causes ______

A

Tetany

46
Q

– involuntary contraction of muscles

A

Tetany

47
Q

99% of Calcium – found in ____
1% of Calcium – found in ____

A

bones
ECF

48
Q

Calcium is Regulated by:

A

PTH - activates osteoclasts in the bone, increase Calcium conc. in
the blood
Vitamin D - increases Calcium in
the circulation
Calcitonin - Inhibits PTH and Vitamin D
o To lower the levels of Calcium

49
Q

active form of Vit.D which is: _________

A

Vitamin D3

50
Q

DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM
Cannot use Oxalate, Citrate, or EDTA
Because _______________________

A

They all bind to calcium tightly

51
Q

Calcium is maximally absorbed in the ______

A

duodenum

52
Q

CALCIUM specimen of
choice is actually ______.

A

Serum

53
Q

T or F
A decrease in plasma protein concentration will
also result in a decrease in Total Calcium

A

T

54
Q

Venous occlusion May result in ________ of Calcium

A

increase

55
Q

Recumbent posture (reclined) can lead to
_______ of Calcium

A

decrease

56
Q

DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM
Methods:

A

Precipitation and Redox Titration
Ortho-Cresolpthalein Complexone Dye

57
Q

Precipitation and Redox Titration (has two
types)

A

✓ Clark Collip Precipitation
o End product: oxalic acid (color purple)
✓ Fero Ham Chloranilic Acid Precipitation
o End product: chloranilic acid (purple)

58
Q

is made to bind to
calcium
✓ It will then form red colored alkaline
solution

A

Ortho-Cresolpthalein

59
Q

magnesium inhibitor in the form of:

A

8-Hydroxyquinoline

60
Q

Ortho-Cresolpthalein Complexone Dye
uses what dye?

A

Arsenazo dye is used

61
Q

INORGANIC PHOSPORUS
3 Forms:

A

✓ Free: 55%
✓ Complexed with ions: 35%
✓ Protein bound: 10%

62
Q

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Reference range: _______

A

Reference range: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

63
Q

Reference rangeOmnipresent in the distribution of the body:
85% - found in ____
15% - found in _____

A

bones
ECF

64
Q

Inversely related to Calcium

A

INORGANIC PHOSPORUS

65
Q

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Maximally absorbed in the _____

A

jejunum

66
Q

Most of the phosphorous are reabsorbed.
Reabsorption or excretion is controlled by the _________

A

kidneys

67
Q

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Regulated by:

A

PTH
o Lower the phosphorous
o By increasing renal excretion
Calcitonin
o Increase the phosphorous by
inhibiting bone reabsorption
GH (Growth Hormone)
o Increase phosphorous by increasing
renal reabsorption

68
Q

DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS
Method:

A

Fiske Subbarow Method

69
Q

__________ (AM) is made to
react with Phosphate ion (PO4); it will then
form _________ which is
read at _____ nm

A

Ammonium molybdate
phosphomolybdate complex
340

70
Q

___________ with
electrons will form __________ (blue
color) which is read at 600-700 nm

A

Phosphomolybdenum
molybdenum blue

71
Q

MAGNESIUM
3 Forms:

A

✓ 55% Free/Ionized
✓ 30% Bound to protein
✓ 15% Complexed

72
Q

MAGNESIUM
Reference range:

A

Reference range: 1.2 to 2.1 meq/L

73
Q

MAGNESIUM Has 3 forms, but what is measured is the

A

Total
Magnesium

74
Q

MAGNESIUM Regulated by:

A

PTH
o Increase renal and intestinal
reabsorption then increase magnesium in
blood
Aldosterone
Thyroxine
o Increase renal excretion
o Therefore, decrease magnesium in
blood

75
Q

DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Methods:

A

Dye-Lake Method - titan yellow dye
Colorimetric - commonly performed
AAS - reference method

76
Q

DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Method:
form a reddish-violet complex
o Read at 533 nm

A

Calmagite

77
Q

DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Method:
form a colored complex
o Read at 660nm

A

Formazan dye

78
Q

DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Method:
form a chromogen
colored complex
No specific wavelength read

A

Magnesium thymol blue

79
Q

Second largest anion of ECF

A

BICARBONATE

80
Q

BICARBONATE
Reference range:

A

Reference range: 22 – 29 mmol/L

81
Q

Major component of buffer system
Maintains neutrality of the cell
Regulation of Bicarbonate is achieved by the kidneys

A

BICARBONATE

82
Q

___________ is
measured because difficult i-measure si
Bicarbonate

A

total CO2 concentration

83
Q

Decreased ctCO2 is composed
of
✓ __% Bicarbonate
✓ ___% Carbonic Acid

A

✓ 90% Bicarbonate
✓ 10% Carbonic Acid

84
Q

mathematical formula used to demonstrate
electroneutrality of body fluids

A

ANION GAP

85
Q

Mostly its significance is for Quality Control (QC)
of the analyzer

A

ANION GAP

86
Q

IRON
Reference range:

A

Reference range: 45 to 160 ug/dL

87
Q

T or F
IRON Exhibits diurnal variation

A

T

88
Q

a sensitive, early indicator of disease

A

Ferritin

89
Q

Ferritin reference ranges:
✓ Male:
✓ Female:

A

✓ Male: 20 to 250 ng/mL
✓ Female: 1 to 120 ng/mL

90
Q

Transferrin reference ranges:

A

200 to 360 mg/dL

91
Q

storage form of iron

A

hemosiderin

92
Q

transporter of iron

A

Transferrin

93
Q

not used iron

A

Ferritin

94
Q

Measure serum iron that is bound to
transferrin through colorimetric method

A

Total iron content

95
Q

Measures transferrin
Measures the quantity of iron that is bound
to transferrin if all of the binding sites of
transferrin are occupied

A

TIBC

96
Q

Calculate amount of iron that the transferrin is
capable of binding
Index of iron storage

A

Percent transferrin saturation

97
Q

Normal Value of Transferrin Saturation

A

✓ NV: 20% to 50%

98
Q

Transferrin Saturation Formula

A

Serum iron / TIBC x 100

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