ELECTROLYTES Flashcards
1
Q
found in intracellular fluid,
extracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
A
Electrolytes/Charged ions
2
Q
– both ions are balanced
A
Electron neutrality
3
Q
is the major cation in the ECF
A
Sodium
4
Q
Major cation in ICF
A
Potassium
5
Q
FUNCTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES
A
- Volume and osmotic regulation
- Myocardial rhythm and contractility
- Important cofactors in enzyme activation
- For the regulation of ATPase ion pumps
- Neuromuscular excitability
- Production and use of ATP from glucose
- Maintenance of acid-base balance
- Replication of DNA and the translation of mRNA
6
Q
Reference range of Na
A
Reference range: 135-145 mmol/L
7
Q
Largest constituent of plasma osmolality
A
Na
8
Q
Sodium is also known as
A
Natrium
9
Q
Concentration of Sodium depend on
A
✓ Intake of water
✓ Excretion of water
10
Q
high Sodium levels
A
HYPERNATREMIA
11
Q
______is the principle osmotic particle
outside of the cell
A
Sodium
12
Q
low serum Sodium
A
HYPONATREMIA
13
Q
HYPONATREMIA Reference range
A
(< 135 mmol/L)
14
Q
HYPERNATREMIA Reference range
A
(> 145 mmol/L)
15
Q
Fake lowering of sodium
* Caused by systematic error in measurement
or there is in vitro hemolysis
A
Psuedohyponatremia
16
Q
DETERMINATION OF SODIUM
Methods:
A
✓ Chemical (Albanese Lein)
✓ Emission Flame Photometry
✓ AAS
✓ ISE – most common
17
Q
DETERMINATION OF SODIUM
Plasma anticoagulant
A
Lithium heparin
18
Q
T or F
Sodium determination is too much affected
by Hemolysis
A
F
not too much
19
Q
– false decrease of
Sodium because of dilutional effectMarked hemolysis
A
Marked hemolysis
20
Q
DETERMINATION OF SODIUM
Method:
Uses dual semi-permeable membrane;
More sensitive, more precise
A
Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
21
Q
POTASSIUM Reference range:
A
Reference range: 3.5 – 5.2 mmol/L
22
Q
Kalium Critical value:
A
Critical value: <2.5 or >6.5
23
Q
Another name for POTASSIUM
A
Kalium
24
Q
Only _____ of total Potassium circulates in the plasma
A
2%
25
Single most important analyte in terms of
abnormalities.
it is life-threatening
POTASSIUM
26
low potassium and Reference range:
HYPOKALEMIA (<3.5 mmol/L)
27
high potassium and Reference range:
HYPERKALEMIA (> 5.2 mmol/L)
28
DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM
sample:
Plasma anticoagulant
Heparin
29
DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM
if _______ is used, there will be
disturbances in the levels of K+
serum
30
DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM
ISE – uses _______ that will trap
the Potassium
valinomycin membrane
31
Major anion of extracellular fluid (ECF)
CHLORIDE
32
CHLORIDE Reference Range:
Reference Range: 98 – 107 mmol/L
33
✓ Acts to maintain osmotic pressure
✓ Keeps body hydrated
✓ Maintains electric neutrality
CHLORIDE
34
______ is the only anion that serve as an
activator
Chloride
35
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
✓ Amperometric-coulometric titration
✓ Mercurimetric titration (Schales and
Schales)
✓ Spectrophotometric methods
✓ ISE – most common
36
T or F
gross hemolysis affects chloride determination
T
37
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
Mercurimetric titration (Schales and Schales)
✓ Uses indicator:
✓ End product:
Diphenylcarbazone
Blue-violet
38
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
Amperometric-coulometric titration
✓ ______ _______– the brand used
Cotlove chloridometer
39
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
Spectrophotometric method
✓ _________ _________ – forms reddish
complex
✓________ _________ – also forms colored
complex
✓ Mercuric thiocyanate
✓ Ferric perchlorate
40
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Methods:
ISE
✓ Uses ___________ to detect
the chloride
ion-exchange membrane
41
CALCIUM 3 forms
✓ 50% free/ionized – biologically active
✓ 40% bound to heparin – not active
✓ 10% bound to anions – not active
42
CALCIUM
Reference Values:
________________ (total calcium)
________________ (ionized calcium)
✓ 8.6 – 10 mg/dL (total calcium)
✓ 4.6 – 5.3 mg/dL (ionized calcium)
43
_______ is maximally absorbed in the duodenum
Calcium
44
biologically active
~ the free Ca is the sensitive and specific
marker for calcium disorder
50% free/ionized
45
Decreased ionized calcium causes ______
Tetany
46
– involuntary contraction of muscles
Tetany
47
99% of Calcium – found in ____
1% of Calcium – found in ____
bones
ECF
48
Calcium is Regulated by:
PTH - activates osteoclasts in the bone, increase Calcium conc. in
the blood
Vitamin D - increases Calcium in
the circulation
Calcitonin - Inhibits PTH and Vitamin D
o To lower the levels of Calcium
49
active form of Vit.D which is: _________
Vitamin D3
50
DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM
Cannot use Oxalate, Citrate, or EDTA
Because _______________________
They all bind to calcium tightly
51
Calcium is maximally absorbed in the ______
duodenum
52
CALCIUM specimen of
choice is actually ______.
Serum
53
T or F
A decrease in plasma protein concentration will
also result in a decrease in Total Calcium
T
54
Venous occlusion May result in ________ of Calcium
increase
55
Recumbent posture (reclined) can lead to
_______ of Calcium
decrease
56
DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM
Methods:
Precipitation and Redox Titration
Ortho-Cresolpthalein Complexone Dye
57
Precipitation and Redox Titration (has two
types)
✓ Clark Collip Precipitation
o End product: oxalic acid (color purple)
✓ Fero Ham Chloranilic Acid Precipitation
o End product: chloranilic acid (purple)
58
is made to bind to
calcium
✓ It will then form red colored alkaline
solution
Ortho-Cresolpthalein
59
magnesium inhibitor in the form of:
8-Hydroxyquinoline
60
Ortho-Cresolpthalein Complexone Dye
uses what dye?
Arsenazo dye is used
61
INORGANIC PHOSPORUS
3 Forms:
✓ Free: 55%
✓ Complexed with ions: 35%
✓ Protein bound: 10%
62
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Reference range: _______
Reference range: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
63
Reference rangeOmnipresent in the distribution of the body:
85% - found in ____
15% - found in _____
bones
ECF
64
Inversely related to Calcium
INORGANIC PHOSPORUS
65
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Maximally absorbed in the _____
jejunum
66
Most of the phosphorous are reabsorbed.
Reabsorption or excretion is controlled by the _________
kidneys
67
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Regulated by:
PTH
o Lower the phosphorous
o By increasing renal excretion
Calcitonin
o Increase the phosphorous by
inhibiting bone reabsorption
GH (Growth Hormone)
o Increase phosphorous by increasing
renal reabsorption
68
DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS
Method:
Fiske Subbarow Method
69
__________ (AM) is made to
react with Phosphate ion (PO4); it will then
form _________ which is
read at _____ nm
Ammonium molybdate
phosphomolybdate complex
340
70
___________ with
electrons will form __________ (blue
color) which is read at 600-700 nm
Phosphomolybdenum
molybdenum blue
71
MAGNESIUM
3 Forms:
✓ 55% Free/Ionized
✓ 30% Bound to protein
✓ 15% Complexed
72
MAGNESIUM
Reference range:
Reference range: 1.2 to 2.1 meq/L
73
MAGNESIUM Has 3 forms, but what is measured is the
Total
Magnesium
74
MAGNESIUM Regulated by:
PTH
o Increase renal and intestinal
reabsorption then increase magnesium in
blood
Aldosterone
Thyroxine
o Increase renal excretion
o Therefore, decrease magnesium in
blood
75
DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Methods:
Dye-Lake Method - titan yellow dye
Colorimetric - commonly performed
AAS - reference method
76
DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Method:
form a reddish-violet complex
o Read at 533 nm
Calmagite
77
DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Method:
form a colored complex
o Read at 660nm
Formazan dye
78
DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM
Method:
form a chromogen
colored complex
No specific wavelength read
Magnesium thymol blue
79
Second largest anion of ECF
BICARBONATE
80
BICARBONATE
Reference range:
Reference range: 22 – 29 mmol/L
81
Major component of buffer system
Maintains neutrality of the cell
Regulation of Bicarbonate is achieved by the kidneys
BICARBONATE
82
___________ is
measured because difficult i-measure si
Bicarbonate
total CO2 concentration
83
Decreased ctCO2 is composed
of
✓ __% Bicarbonate
✓ ___% Carbonic Acid
✓ 90% Bicarbonate
✓ 10% Carbonic Acid
84
mathematical formula used to demonstrate
electroneutrality of body fluids
ANION GAP
85
Mostly its significance is for Quality Control (QC)
of the analyzer
ANION GAP
86
IRON
Reference range:
Reference range: 45 to 160 ug/dL
87
T or F
IRON Exhibits diurnal variation
T
88
a sensitive, early indicator of disease
Ferritin
89
Ferritin reference ranges:
✓ Male:
✓ Female:
✓ Male: 20 to 250 ng/mL
✓ Female: 1 to 120 ng/mL
90
Transferrin reference ranges:
200 to 360 mg/dL
91
storage form of iron
hemosiderin
92
transporter of iron
Transferrin
93
not used iron
Ferritin
94
Measure serum iron that is bound to
transferrin through colorimetric method
Total iron content
95
Measures transferrin
Measures the quantity of iron that is bound
to transferrin if all of the binding sites of
transferrin are occupied
TIBC
96
Calculate amount of iron that the transferrin is
capable of binding
Index of iron storage
Percent transferrin saturation
97
Normal Value of Transferrin Saturation
✓ NV: 20% to 50%
98
Transferrin Saturation Formula
Serum iron / TIBC x 100
