Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Nursing > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Pharmacology flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Adult Health flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards
1
Q

Serum sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of sodium

A

Influences water distribution
Maintain acid-base balance
Affects serum osmolality, help nerve and muscles interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Location of sodium

A

Outside of the cell, ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Body mechanisms for regulating Na

A

Sodium-potassium pump
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Dietary intake of Na & H2O
Atrial natriuretic peptide: Na+ excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

< Na+ or water gain, HF, cirrhosis, renal failure, intake, SIADH: causes excessive release of ADH = > water retention.
Renal loss, diuretics/antidepressants, GI suction or vomit, sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

S&S of hyponatremia

A

115-120
N/V & anorexia, headache, irritability, altered mental status, weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S&S of severe hyponatremia

A

< 110
Stupor, delirium, psychosis, ataxia, inelastic skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, weak, rapid pulse, orthostatic hypotension, cellular swelling
Progress to stupor, delirium, seizures, coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of hyponatremia

A

Na loss = oral NaCl or IV 0.9 NS
> H20 = restrict fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment of severe hyponatremia

A

Small volume hypertonic IV and loop diuretics`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who is most likely to get hypernatremia

A

H2O deficit in elderly most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes sensation of thirst

A

High serum osmolality = stimulate hypothalamus = > sensation of thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of hypernatremia: H2O loss

A

DI, watery diarrhea, loss from heat, fever, pulmonary infection, trach, burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of hypernatremia: Excess intake of Na

A

medical error, tube feeding or near drowning in sea water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S&S of hypernatremia

A

Cell shrinkage
Lethargy
Weakness
Irritability–>twitching, seizures, coma
Hyperreflexia
Intense thirst
Bounding pulse
Dyspnea
Dry mucous membranes, orthostatic hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment of hypernatremia

A

IV fluid replacement
Salt free solutions/1/2 normal saline solutions
< Na intake & diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment of DI

A

Vasopressin, hypotonic I.V. fluids, thiazide diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Interventions of sodium

A

VS
fluid delivery & response
I&O
Assess skin, mucous membranes & S&S of breakdown
Assist with oral hygiene
Safe environment
Changing diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serum potassium level

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of potassium

A

Cell excitability
Nerve and muscle
Resting membrane potential
Myocardial membrane responsiveness
intracellular osmolality
Acid base balance
Skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
Electrical conductivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Location of potassium

A

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Body mechanism for regulating K

A

Excreted
Sodium potassium pump
Aldosterone
pH level
Cell destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

Inadequate K+ intake, suction, lavage, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, severe diaphoresis, > urine glucose levels, renal tubular acidosis, magnesium depletion,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disease that cause hypokalemia

A

cushing’s syndrome and period of high stress, Hepatic disease, hyperaldosteronism, acute alcoholism, heart failure, malabsorption syndrome, nephritis, bartter syndrome, acute leukemias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Drugs that cause hypokalemia

A

Diuretics, corticosteroids, > secretion of insulin = K+ moves into cells, adrenergics move K+ into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

S&S of hypokalemia

A

Skeletal muscle weakness, parasthesia, absent/decreased DTR, tachycardic & tachypnea, rhabdomyolysis, weak and irregular pulse, orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, flattened or inverted t wave, u wave presence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment of hypokalemia

A

> K+, low Na+ diet, oral K+ supplement = K+ salts, IV K+ therapy, K+ sparing diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

Cell injury, donated blood near expiration
Burns, severe infection, trauma, crash injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Drugs that cause hyperkalemia

A

K+ sparing diuretics, NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

S&S of hyperkalemia

A

< HR, irregular pulse, < cardiac output, hypotension. Tall tented t wave
Skeletal muscle weakness
< DTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia

A

> Excretion
Diuretic, hemodialysis
IV sodium bicarbonate
Regular IV insulin with hypertonic dextrose D10-D50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nursing interventions of hypokalemia

A

VS
Digoxin toxicity
ECG trainings
Signs of constipation
Serum levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nursing interventions of hyperkalemia

A

Serum levels
Hypoglycemia
Bowel sounds
Digoxin level
Antidiarrheals
Education of foods
Fresh blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Guidelines for I.V. K+ administration

A

IV infusion concentration shouldn’t > 40mEq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dietary sources of potassium

A

Chocolate, dried fruits, nuts and seeds, oranges, bananas, avocados, apricots, cantaloupe, meats, beans, potatoes, yogurt

35
Q

Serum magnesium level

A

1.5-2.5

36
Q

Function of magnesium

A

Catalyst for enzyme reactions
Produce and use ATP for energy
DNA&protein synthesis
Vasodilation
Irritability and contractility of cardiac muscles, neurotransmitter & hormone receptor binding, production of parathyroid hormone, helps Na+ & K+ across cell membrane

37
Q

Location of magnesium

A

Intracellular

38
Q

Body mechanism of magnesium

A

Serum < GI tract absorbs > Mg & kidneys conserve. Serum > GI excretes > feces & kidneys excrete Mg. Binding to albumin

39
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

Poor dietary intake/malnutrition
Poor GI absorption
> Mg loss in GI
Chronic alcoholics
Critically ill
ETOH

40
Q

S&S of hypomagnesemia

A

Tremors, twitching, tetany
+ Chvostek’s sign and Trosseau’s sign, cardiac arrhythmias, severe hyperactive DTR, rapid HR

41
Q

Treatment of hypomagnesemia

A

Diet, oral supplement, IV: magnesium sulfate. > K, < Na

42
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A

< excretion
> Mg intake
TPN solutions
Addison’s disease
Adrenocorticol insufficiency
Renal failure
DKA

43
Q

S&S of hypermagnesemia

A

< muscle and nerve activity
Hypotension
Bradycardia and respiratory paralysis
Hypoactive DTR
Facial paresthesia

44
Q

Treatment of hypermagnesemia

A

> fluid intake, > urine output, > excretion of Mg, diuretic

45
Q

Nursing interventions of hypomagnesemia

A

Diet change
Assess dysphagia
VS Q 15 min
I&O
Serum Mg level
Seizure precaution
Fall precaution

46
Q

Nursing interventions of hypermagnesemia

A

VS
Lab tests
I&O
Dialysis
Administer resuscitation drugs
Provide mechanical ventilation
Provide fluids
< dietary Mg intake
Avoid giving medications w Mg

47
Q

Serum level of chloride

A

9.8-10.8

48
Q

Function of chloride

A

Maintain osmotic pressure
Affect body pH
Maintains acid-base balance
Produce hydrochloride acid
CSF fluid and attract water

49
Q

Location of chloride

A

ECF, outside of the cell

50
Q

Body mechanisms for regulating chloride

A

Dietary, kidney excretion and reabsorption, Na changes, GI

51
Q

Causes of hypochloremia

A

> vomitting, diarrhea, burns, addison’s disease, gastric surgery, NG suctioning, drugs, Na/K+ deficiency, metabolic alkalosis

52
Q

S&S of hypochloremia

A

Slow RR, hyperactive DTRs, & muscle hypertonicity, muscle cramps, arrhythmias, seizures, coma, and respiratory arrest

53
Q

Treatment of hypochloremia

A

Salty broth, IV 0.9 NaCl or KCL IV, changing drugs/drug therapy

54
Q

Hyperchloremia causes

A

Dehydration, DI, renal failure, < H2O intake. Drugs that contain chloride
Associated with hypernatremia

55
Q

Hyperchloremia S&S

A

Tachypnea, dehydration, hypotension, deep, rapid RR, arrhythmia, diminished cognitive ability

56
Q

Treatment of hyperchloremia

A

Restore fluid and acid base balance
Sodium & chloride restricted
Severe: Sodium bicarbonate IV
Lactated Ringer’s solution

57
Q

Nursing interventions of hypochloremia

A

RR & BP
LOC
offer foods > Cl
Normal saline solution
I&O
Safe environment

58
Q

Nursing interventions of hyperchloremia

A

RR
reorient
Evaluate muscle strength & adjust pt activity level
restrict fluid
I&O
ABG

59
Q

Serum calcium level

A

8.9-10.1

60
Q

Function of calcium

A

Formation and structure of bone and teeth
Cell membrane permeability
Contraction of cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle & skeletal muscle
Blood clotting process
Release of hormones

61
Q

Locations of calcium

A

ECF and ICF

62
Q

Calcium body mechanism regulation

A

Need Vit D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, absorbed in small intestine & excreted in urine and feces

63
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

Inadequate intake, alcoholics, < exposure to Vit D, malabsorption, > loss in Ca, anticonvulsants, < PTH, low Mg, > caffeine intake, severe burns and infections, diuretics/renal failure

64
Q

S&S of hypocalcemia

A

+ trousseau & chvostek, paresthesia, easy fractures, brittle nails, dry skin or hair, hyperactive DTR, hypotension, < myocardial contractility

65
Q

Treatment of hypocalcemia

A

IV calcium gluconate or IV calcium chloride and mag replacement, adjust diet

66
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, cancer, multiple fractures, lack of weight bearing, hypophosphatemia

67
Q

Medication causes of hypercalcemia

A

> antacids, calcium, Vit D, lithium/thiazide diuretics, milk-alkali syndrome, Vit A overdose

68
Q

S&S of hypercalcemia

A

Personality changes, hyporeflexia, ataxia, < muscle tone, HTN, digoxin tox, bone pain, abdominal pain, altered mental status, constipation

69
Q

Treatment of hypercalcemia

A

Hydrate, loop diuretics, hemodialysis, perineal dialysis, corticosteroids, < GI absorption

70
Q

Hypocalcemia nursing interventions

A

VS
Administer IV calcium replacement
Serum lab values
Calcium Sup & vit D

71
Q

Hypercalcemia nursing interventions

A

< intake of Ca, > excretion of calcium, hydrating pt, normal saline solutions, loop diuretics, hemodialysis, oral corticosteroids, I&O, serum electrolyte, > liquid intake, strain urine for calculi, get pt up and moving

72
Q

Serum Phosphorus levels

A

2.5-4.5

73
Q

Function of phosphorus

A

Cell membrane integrity
Muscle function
Metabolism of carbs, fats, and protein
O2 delivery compound in RBC
Buffer acids and bases
Energy transfer to cells
WBC phagocytosis
Platelet function
healthy bones and teeth

74
Q

Location of phosphorus

A

ICF

75
Q

Phosphorus body regulation

A

Vitamin D = > phos
PTH = > excretion
Insulin
Alkalosis
Dietary intake
Kidney excretion

76
Q

Hypophosphatemia causes

A

Hyperventilation, refeeding syndrome, pt recovering from hypothermia, malabsorption syndrome, malnourishment, hyperglycemia, < Vit D, < dietary intake, diuretic use, DKA, > PTH, extensive burns

77
Q

S&S of hypophosphatemia

A

Muscle weakness, diplopia, malaise, weakened hand grasp, slurred speech, dysphagia, myalgia, respiratory failure, bone pain, fractures, paresethesia, < cardiac contractility

78
Q

Treatment of hypophosphatemia

A

> phos rich foods, PO phos supplements, I.V phos replacement

79
Q

Causes of hyperphosphatemia

A

Damaged cells. Renal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism. > intake

80
Q

S&S of hyperphosphatemia

A

Hypocalcemia, parasthesia, severe muscle spasms, cramps, pain, and weakness, hyperreflexia, + Chvostek and Troussea sign, tetany, < mental status, delirium, seizures, hypotension, heart failure, calcification, impaired vision

81
Q

Treatment of hyperphosphatemia

A

Therapy- Aluminum, Mg, calcium gel, phosphate-binding antacids
Calcium salts
Severe: hemodialysis/peritoneal dialysis
< phos intake
Eliminating use of phos-based laxatives and enemas
0.9 NS

82
Q

Nursing interventions of hypophosphatemia

A

Serum phos levels
VS
LOC
Rate and depth of RR
HF
Temp Q4h
Phos supplements
Orient
ADL assist

83
Q

Nursing interventions of hyperphosphatemia

A

VS
I&O
Serum electrolyte
Admin prescribed meds
Dialysis
Consult dietitian

Principles of Nursing (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions