ELECTROLYTES Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
FLAME PHOTOMETRY is aka:
A
Flame Emission Photometry
2
Q
It measures the light emitted by excited
single atom
A
FLAME PHOTOMETRY
3
Q
Principle of Flame Photometry: ____ of electrons from ____ to _____ energy state.
A
Excitation
lower
higher
4
Q
How electrons are being excited in Flame photometry
A
By subjecting it to flame
5
Q
Why electrons become excited when subjected to flame
A
Become excited because they
absorb thermal energy
6
Q
What is the principle of Flame Photometry
A
Excitation of electrons from
lower to higher energy state.
7
Q
What is the purpose of FLAME PHOTOMETRY
A
measurement of excited ions
8
Q
measurement of excited ions
A
FLAME PHOTOMETRY
9
Q
What are the 4 most common excited ions
A
Na, K, Ca, Li
10
Q
Na, K, Ca, Li = ___ (excited/unexcited ions)
A
excited
11
Q
Atoms —> ____ —> release ____ —-> _____
A
Excites atoms;
photons;
return to ground state
12
Q
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
(1) When atoms are heated/subjected to
flame, they are ____.
A
excited
13
Q
– they absorb a
specific thermal spectrum having
a high energy
A
excited atoms
14
Q
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
(2) However, when these easily excitable
ions absorb ______/become
____, they become ____.
A
thermal energy;
excited;
unstable
15
Q
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
(3) When these atoms are unstable at
___ (low/high) energy, they return to their
_____ by
releasing energy in the form of
____
A
high;
ground state;
photons
16
Q
ground state is aka
A
unexcited state
17
Q
photons is aka
A
light energy
18
Q
light energy
A
photons
19
Q
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
(4) The photons they released are at a
_____.
A
Specific wavelength
20
Q
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
(5) EXAMPLE:
The photon released by sodium, when
it returns to its ground state, is
___ (different/same) to the light energy released
by potassium, calcium, and lithium.
A
different
21
Q
Emitted wavelength of potassium
A
766 nm
22
Q
What is the color of flame if Potassium is present in the sample
A
Violet
23
Q
Emitted wavelength of Sodium
A
589 nm
24
Q
What is the color of flame if Sodium is present in the sample
A
Yellow
25
Emitted wavelength of Lithium
670 nm
26
What is the color of flame if Lithium is present in the sample
Red
27
Emitted wavelength of Calcium
622 nm
28
What is the color of flame if Calcium is present in the sample
Orange
29
T/F: The color of the flame in flame
photometry will tell what atom or metal is
present in the sample.
T
30
T/F: The intensity of the color is inversely proportional to the concentration of the particular atom present in that sample.
F; directly proportional
31
The intensity of the color is _____ to the concentration of the
particular atom present in that sample.
directly proportional
32
Flame with Deep violet color indicates what?
the sample
contains too much potassium
33
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
Light Source: ____
flame
34
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
Monochromator: ___
filters
35
part of spectrophotometer that
isolates a specific wavelength
Monochromator
36
FLAME PHOTOMETRY:
Photodetector: ___
photocell
37
converts the specific wavelength
transmitted into its equivalent
energy
Photodetector
38
What are the two Internal standard used in Flame photometry
Lithium
Cesium
39
More preferred internal standard used in Flame photometry
Lithium
40
What is the 2 purpose of Internal standard:
correct variations in the flame
correct variations in the
atomizer/nebulizer
41
component of
flame photometry that allows
homogenous spray of sample into
the flame
Atomizer/nebulizer
42
Atomizer aka
nebulizer
43
ATOMIZER:
When the sample is sprayed
onto the ___, it ___
the ___, leaving the ____
alone.
flame;
evaporates;
solvent;
metal
44
What will happen if metal is combine with heat
it will become excited
45
Provides flame in the light source
Burner
46
Provides flame
Burner
47
T/F: The temperature of the flame we use is not a critical factors in flame photometry.
F; one of the critical factors in flame
photometry.
48
In flame photometry, the temperature of the flame depends
on the _____ that we use
fluid-oxidant mixture
49
What are the different FLUID-OXIDANT MIXTURE
Natural gas (air)
Propane
Hydrogen
Hydrogen-Oxygen
Acetylene
Acetylene-Oxygen
Acetylene-Nitrous oxide
Cyanogen-Oxygen
50
Natural gas (air)
Propane
Hydrogen
Hydrogen-Oxygen
Acetylene
Acetylene-Oxygen
Acetylene-Nitrous oxide
Cyanogen-Oxygen
are all _____
FLUID-OXIDANT
MIXTURE
51
Natural gas (air) temp: ___
1700 (max)
52
Propane temp: ___
1800
53
Hydrogen temp: ___
2000
54
Hydrogen-Oxygen temp: ___
2650
55
Acetylene temp: ___
2300
56
Acetylene-Nitrous
oxide temp: ___
2700
57
Cyanogen-Oxygen temp: ___
4800
58
Cyanogen-Oxygen temp: ___
4800
59
It measures the light absorbed by
atoms dissociated by heat
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
60
AAS stands for
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
61
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS) measures the _____ by
___ dissociated by ___
light absorbed;
atoms;
heat
62
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS):
Principle: element is ______ by
merely dissociated from its chemical
bond and place in an ____,
___, ____
not excited;
unionized;
unexcited;
ground state.
63
What is the principle of AAS
element is not excited by
merely dissociated from its chemical
bond and place in an unionized,
unexcited, ground state
64
element is not excited by
merely dissociated from its chemical
bond and place in an unionized,
unexcited, ground state
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
65
Purpose of ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
measurement of unexcited
ions
66
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
Purpose: measurement of ____
unexcited ions
67
Example of unexcited ions
Ca2+ & Mg2+
68
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS) is the reference method for ___ and ___
calcium
magnesium
69
Reference method for calcium and
magnesium
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
70
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS) is ____ more sensitive than ____
100x
flame photometry
71
100x more sensitive than flame
photometry
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
72
What are the components of FLAME PHOTOMETRY
Light Source
Monochromator
Photodetector
Internal standard
73
What are the components of ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
Light source
Monochromator
Photodetector
74
What are the light source used in AAS
→ Hollow-cathode lamp
→ Electrodeless Discharge lamps
75
What are the Monochromator used in AAS
Diffraction gratings, prism
76
What are the photodetector used in AAS
Photomultiplier tube
77
INTERFERENCE IN ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
Phosphate
78
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS):
When phosphate is present in a
sample and calcium is being
measured, it can form _____, which ____ with
the testing
calcium phosphate;
interferes
79
Added to prevent the formation of calcium
phosphate
Strontium Chloride or
Lanthanum Chloride
80
These substances forms a complex
with phosphate
Strontium Chloride or
Lanthanum Chloride
81
The presence of intense static magnetic
field will cause the wavelength of the
emitted radiation to split into several
components (shift in wavelength)
ZEEMAN EFFECT
82
AAS: (ZEEMAN EFFECT)
The presence of _____ will cause the ____ of the
emitted ___ to _____ into several
____
intense static magnetic field;
wavelength;
radiation;
split;
components
83
ZEEMAN EFFECT causes shift in ___
wavelength
84
An electrochemical transducer capable of
responding to one given ion
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)
85
T/F: ISE is an electrochemical transducer capable of
responding to two given ion
F; ONE
86
It measures the electrolyte dissolved in
the fluid phase of the sample in mmol/L
of plasma water.
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)
87
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE) measures the electrolyte dissolved in the fluid phase of the sample in _____
of _____ water
mmol/L;
plasma
88
Method used by most automated
electrolyte analyzers
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)
89
Very sensitive and selective to the ion it
measures
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)
90
particular component which is
responsible for the sensitivity and
selectivity of ISE
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)
MEMBRANES
91
particular component which is
responsible for the sensitivity and
selectivity of ISE
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)
MEMBRANES
92
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE) MEMBRANES Provides ______/_____ TO ISE
specificity/selectivity
93
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT ISE Membranes
Glass aluminum silicate
Valinomycin gel
Solvent polymerics
Organic liquid membrane ion exchangers
Glass electrode
Gas and enzyme electrodes
94
Glass aluminum silicate is specific to?
Sodium
95
Valinomycin gel is specific to?
Potassium
96
Solvent polymerics is specific to?
Chloride
97
Organic liquid membrane ion
exchangers is specific to?
Calcium and Lithium
98
Glass electrode is specific to?
Hydrogen
99
electrolyte
used for measurement of pH
Hydrogen
100
What is the Principle of ISE
one component has
a specific membrane while the other
does not
101
Only allow a specific
analyte to pass through
depending on its selectivity
With specific membrane
102
With specific membrane:
Only allow a____ to pass through
depending on its ____
specific analyte
selectivity
103
The entire sample can
cross this electrode.
Without specific membrane
104
T/F: Without specific membrane:
Can measure any analytes or
electrolytes present in the
sample
T
105
ISE Measures the difference in the
____ between the _____ and the ____
potential
ISE membrane electrode
liquid junction
106
The difference between ISE membrane electrode and the liquid junction is the ____ of the particular _____ in the
sample.
concentration
specific ion
107
ISE is an example of an_____ under ______
analytical method
potentiometry
108
an example of an analytical
method under potentiometry
ISE
109
measure the
voltage difference (electrical
potential) between two
electrodes in an electrolyte
solution
Potentiometry
110
Potentiometry measure the
______ between _____ in an electrolyte
solution
voltage difference
two electrodes
111
Other term for voltage difference
electrical potential
112
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ISE
Direct ISE
Indirect ISE
113
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ISE
Direct ISE
Indirect ISE
114
T/F: THE TWO TYPES OF ISE depends on how we treat the sample
T
115
Uses undiluted sample
Direct ISE
116
Direct ISE uses ___
undiluted sample
117
Sensitive to free ions only
Direct ISE
118
T/F: Direct ISE CAN measure bound ions
F; Cannot measure bound ions
119
Not affected by high proteins of high
lipids
Direct ISE
120
Direct ISE is not affected by _____ or
____
high proteins or high lipids
121
Uses diluted sample
Indirect ISE
122
Indirect ISE uses ___
diluted sample
123
Type of ISE that is employed in most
chemistry analyzer
Indirect ISE
124
Interference in Indirect ISE
High protein and/or lipid
125
High protein and/or lipid can cause false ___ (inc/dec) in ____
bec. they ____the electrolytes
when the samples are ____
(during ____).
decrease
electrolytes
displace
diluted
dilution
126
In indirect ISE, it can cause false ↓ in electrolytes
bec. they displace the electrolytes
when the samples are diluted
High protein and/or lipid
