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Nursing 104 (Applied Science For Nursing) > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance dissolved in a solvent to create a solution

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2
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances with molecules that dissociate or split into ions when placed in water

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3
Q

Are cations positively or negatively charged?

A

Positively charged

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4
Q

Are anions positively or negatively charged?

A

Negatively charged

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5
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The “power” of a solution to draw water through a selectively permeable membrane

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6
Q

Across a selectively permeable membrane, will a greater osmotic pressure be exerted by the high concentration solution or the lower concentration solution?

A

The higher concentration solution will exert a higher osmotic pressure, drawing water towards itself through the membrane

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7
Q

Filtration pressure is the net of which two pressures?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is the result of what?

A

Blood pressure from the arterial system

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9
Q

Oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries is the result of what?

A

The presence of proteins that cannot move out of the capillaries (primarily albumin)

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10
Q

Does hydrostatic pressure drive fluids into or out of the capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure drives fluid out of capillaries

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11
Q

Does oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure drive fluids into or out of the capillaries?

A

Oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure drives fluids into capillaries

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12
Q

What is the tonicity of a solution with the same osmolarity as body fluids?

A

Isotonic

e.g. 0.9% NaCl

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13
Q

What is the tonicity of a solution with a higher osmolarity than body fluids?

A

Hypertonic

e.g. 3% NaCl

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14
Q

What is the tonicity of a solution with a lower osmolarity than body fluids?

A

Hypotonic

e.g. 0.45% NaCl

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15
Q

Low blood volume is called what?

A

Hypovolemia

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16
Q

High blood volume is called what?

A

Hypervolemia

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17
Q

The loss of water without electrolyte loss is called what?

A

Dehydration

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18
Q

When the concentration of electrolytes in blood is too low, this is called what?

A

Water intoxication (Overhydration)

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19
Q

What percentage of total body weight is from fluid?

A

60%

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20
Q

Of the fluid in the body, how much is intracellular?

A

2/3 of the fluid in the body is intracellular (40% of total body weight)

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21
Q

Of the fluid in the body, how much is extracellular?

A

1/3 of the fluid in the body is extracellular (20% of total body weight)

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22
Q

Of the extracellular fluid, how much is interstitial fluid?

A

3/4 of extracellular fluid in the body is interstitial fluid (15% of total body weight)

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23
Q

Of the extracellular fluid, how much is vascular?

A

1/4 of extracellular fluid is vascular (5% of total body weight)

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24
Q

What are the four extracellular fluid compartments?

A

Intravascular (cardiovascular system), Interstitial, Lymph and Transcellular (Serous fluid, synovial fluid etc.)

25
Q

What is the healthy range for sodium blood concentration?

A

135-145 mEq/L

26
Q

Is sodium mainly an extracellular cation or intracellular cation?

A

Extracellular

27
Q

What roles does sodium play a part in?

A

Water balance (Where sodium goes, water flows), and transmission of nerve impulses

28
Q

Is sodium stored in the body?

A

No, it must be consumed daily

29
Q

A blood concentration of sodium above 145 mEq/L is called what?

A

Hypernatremia

30
Q

A blood concentration of sodium below 135 mEq/L is called what?

A

Hyponatremia

31
Q

Hyponatremia can cause what symptoms?

A

Drowsiness, confusion and varying effects on consciousness depending on severity (impaired neural impulses due to less sodium)

32
Q

What is the healthy range for potassium blood concentration?

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

33
Q

Is potassium mainly an extracellular or intracellular cation?

A

Intracellular

34
Q

What roles does potassium play a part in?

A

Electrical conduction of nerve impulses (especially cardiac conduction), cell metabolism of glycogen and glucose

35
Q

What can low potassium levels cause?

A

Arrhythmia

36
Q

What can high potassium levels cause?

A

Cardiac arrest

37
Q

Is potassium stored in the body?

A

Yes, in cells and bones

38
Q

The sodium potassium pump does what?

A

It transports 3 intracellular sodium ions out of the cell and 2 extracellular potassium ions into the cell with every ATP phosphorylation, creating an electrical gradient across the cell membrane

39
Q

What is a healthy range for blood calcium concentration?

A

8.5-10.5mg/dl (1% in extracellular fluid)

40
Q

What roles does calcium play a part in?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle contraction and blood clotting

41
Q

What does calcium need to be absorbed by the body? How does the body get this?

A

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption, which requires sunlight for synthesis in the body

42
Q

Is calcium stored in the body?

A

Yes, in cells and bones

43
Q

What can cause hypocalcemia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency, burns (among other things)

44
Q

What can cause hypercalcemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

45
Q

What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Increased musculoskeletal excitability, stupor (near unconsciousness or insensibility) and coma

46
Q

What is a healthy range for blood phosphate concentration?

A

1.6-2.9 mEq/L

47
Q

What roles does phosphate play a part in?

A

Metabolism of carbs, protein and fat, cellular metabolism (ATP and DNA), muscle, nerve and red blood cell function, acid base balance and calcium regulation

48
Q

What is a low phosphate blood concentration called?

A

Hypophosphatemia

49
Q

What is a high phosphate blood concentration called?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

50
Q

What can cause hypophosphatemia?

A

Alcohol abuse, acid-base imbalance, increased urine output and decreased intestinal absorption

51
Q

What can cause hyperphosphatemia?

A

Tissue trauma (damaged tissues may lock phosphate within them)

52
Q

What is a healthy range for blood magnesium concentration?

A

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

53
Q

What roles does magnesium play a part in?

A

Operation of the sodium potassium pump (allowing it to use ATP), Muscle relaxing, transmitting nerve impulses, regulating cardiac function, blood clotting and protein and DNA synthesis

54
Q

What can cause hypomagnesium?

A

Alcohol abuse, diarrhoea, vomiting

55
Q

What tachycardia can hypomagnesium cause?

A

Torsade De Pointes

56
Q

What can cause hypermagnesium?

A

Too many antacids (antacids often contain magnesium)

57
Q

What major role does bicarbonate play a part in?

A

Carbonic acid/acid-bicarbonate buffering system

58
Q

Where is bicarbonate regulated and controlled?

A

In the kidneys, which reabsorb and excrete bicarbonate as needed

Nursing 104 (Applied Science For Nursing) (19 decks)

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