Electrolytes

Question 1

Hypernatremia: Causes

Answer 1

• High water losses

- Excessive intake (rare)

Question 2

Hypernatremia: Signs

Answer 2

Lethargy, seizures, coma

Question 3

Hypernatremia: Treatment

Answer 3

Increased fluids and/or restrict Na

Question 4

Hypernatremia: Lab Value Classification

Answer 4

Na >150 mEq/L

Question 5

Hypernatremia: Correction Course

Answer 5

Correct over days due to change in tonicity of the brain tissue

Question 6

Hyponatremia: Causes

Answer 6

• Excess free water
• Increase Na losses/inadequate Na intake:
  Renal dysplasia
  Hypoxia
  Resp Dis
  Acute tubular necrosis
  Polycythemia
  Increased Fluid and salt intake
  Use of theophylline of diuretics

Question 7

Hyponatremia: Signs

Answer 7

Lethargy, seizures, coma

Question 8

Hyponatremia: Treatment

Answer 8

Restrict fluids and/or Na supplements

Question 9

Hyponatremia: Lab Value Classification

Answer 9

<130 mEq/L

Question 10

Hypokalemia: Lab Value Classification

Answer 10

K <3.5 mEq/L

Question 11

Hypokalemia: Causes

Answer 11

Diuretics, NG losses, diarrhea, renal dysfunction

Question 12

Hypokalemia: Signs

Answer 12

EKG changes (flat T waves, prolonged QT, U waves), arrhythmias, ileus, lethargy

Question 13

Hypokalemia: Treatment

Answer 13

SLOWLY CORRECT IV or orally

Question 14

Hyperkalemia: Lab Value Classification

Answer 14

K >6 mEq/L

Question 15

Hyperkalemia: Causes

Answer 15

Iatrogenic, severe acidosis, acute renal failure, RBC breakdown s/p transfusion,, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 16

Hyperkalemia: Signs

Answer 16

EKG changes (peaked, T waves, wide QRS, brady/tachycardia, SVT, V tach, V fib), arrhythmias death

Question 17

Hyperkalemia: Treatment

Answer 17

D/C all potassium supplements, give calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, albuterol, insulin, Lasix, dialysis/exchange

Question 18

Hypocalcemia: Lab Value Classifications

Answer 18

Ca <7 mg/dL

iCa <1 mg/dL

Question 19

Hypocalcemia: Causes

Answer 19

Prematurity, IUGR, IDM, HIE, Hypoparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency

Question 20

Hypocalcemia: Signs

Answer 20

Asymptomatic, jitteriness, irritability, seizures

Question 21

Hypocalcemia: Treatment

Answer 21

BASED ON iCA LEVEL

Observation, repletion (Ca gluconate), or supplementation

Question 22

Hypercalcemia: Lab Value Classifications

Answer 22

Ca >11 mg/dL

iCa >5

Question 23

Hypercalcemia: Causes

Answer 23

Rare in neonates, usually associated with HMF or iatrogenic

Question 24

Hypermagnesemia: Lab Value Classification

Answer 24

Mg >2.3 mEq/L

Question 25

Hypermagnesemia: Causes

Answer 25

Maternal treatment with magnesium for PIH or tocolysis

Question 26

Hypermagnesemia: Signs

Answer 26

Respiratory depression, apnea, hypotonia, decreased GI motility

Question 27

Hypermagnesemia: Treatment

Answer 27

Self-limited resolves within a few days