Electrolyte Imbalances

Question 1

Sodium

Answer 1

Hyponatremia:
Low sodium caused by excess fluid, presenting with confusion, seizures; treated with hypertonic saline and fluid restriction.

Hypernatremia:
High sodium due to dehydration, presenting with thirst and confusion; treated with hypotonic fluids for gradual correction.

Question 2

Potassium

Answer 2

Hypokalemia:
Low potassium from diuretics/vomiting, causing muscle weakness and arrhythmias; treated with potassium supplements.

Hyperkalemia:
High potassium from renal failure or trauma, causing arrhythmias; treated with calcium gluconate, insulin, and glucose.

Question 3

Calcium

Answer 3

Hypocalcemia:
Low calcium due to hypoparathyroidism or vitamin D deficiency, causing tetany and numbness; treated with calcium supplements.

Hypercalcemia:
High calcium from malignancy or hyperparathyroidism, causing weakness and confusion; treated with hydration and bisphosphonates.