Electrolyte Imbalances Flashcards
What are examples of Isotonic fluids
0.9% NaCL, NS, LR, D5W
What are examples of hypotonic fluids?
0.45% NaCL, 0.33% NaCL, 0.2% NaCl
What are examples of hypertonic fluids
3% NaCl, 5% NaCl
What are s/s of fluid volume overload
Tachycardia, bounding pulse, hypertensions, tachypnea, weakness, altered LOC, seizures, crackles, cough
What are s/s of fluid volume deficit
Hypothermia, tachycardia, threads pulse, hypotension/ orthostatics, dizziness, syncope, confusion, n/v, wt loss, oliguria
What are Normal ranges of Urine specific gravity? What does high/ low mean?
1.010-1.025
High= dehydration
Low= FVE
What are Normal ranges of BUN? What does high/ low mean?
10-20 mEq/dL
High = dehydration
Low= FVE
What are Normal ranges of Creatinine? What does high/ low mean?
0.7-1.4 mg/dl
High = dehydration
Low= FVE
What are Normal ranges of hematocrit? What does high/ low mean?
42-52% Males
35-47% Females
High= dehydration
Low= FVE
S/s of hypernatremia
Thirst, tachycardia, restlessness, muscle twitching, irritability, seizures, coma, thirst, dry mucous membranes, n/v
How to treat hypernatremia
Isotonic fluids/ hypotonic fluids
Na restrictions, diuretics
Daily wt, seizure precautions
Sodium Levels
135-145
S/s of hyponatermia
Hypothermia, tachycardia, rapid threads pulse, orthostatic hypotension, headache, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, fatigue, decreased DTR, seizures, hyperactive bowel sounds nausea
How to treat hyponatremia
Isotonic fluids, hypertonic fluids, Na diet,
Monitor i/o, LOC
Hyponatremia lab values
135-145
S/s of hyperkalemia
Slow irregular pulse, hypotension, restlessness, irritability, weakness, parenthesis, v fib, peaked t waves, widened QRS, hyperactive bowel sounds
How to treat hyperkalemia
- Protect (Ca+)
- Hide (dextrose + insulin)
- Excrete (diuretic or Kayexalate)
Potassium lab values
3.5-5
Hypokalemia s/s
Decreased BP, threads pulse, orthostatic hypertention, altered mental status, confusion, coma, hypoactive bowel sounds, n/v, constipation, weakness, shallow breathing
How does hypokalemia affect EKG changes?
Flattened T waves, prominent u wave, st depression
What is the cause of hypokalemia
Excessive use of diuretics
S/s hypocalcemia
Chvosteks, trousseau, seizures, parenthesis
What is chvosteks/ trousseaus sign
C- facial twitching by tapping of face
T- muscle twitching by BP cuff inflation
How to treat hypocalcemia
IV supplements, calcium rich foods
Causes of metabolic acidosis
DKA, kidney failure, diarrhea
What does ABG look like for metabolic acidosis?
Low PH
35-45
Low Hc03
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting or NG suction
What does an ABG look like for metabolic alkalosis
High ph
35-45
High Hc03
How to treat metabolic acidosis
Treat underlying cause
(Diarrhea- give antidiarrheal, rehydration
DKA- administer insulin)
How to treat metabolic alkalosis
Treat underlying cause
(Vomiting- administer fluids, electrolyte replacement, antiemetics)
Causes of respiratory acidosis
COPD, sleep apnea, pneumonia, narcotic overdose, flu, covid etc
What does an ABG look like for respiratory acidosis?
Low ph
High pac02
21-28 hc03
How to treat respiratory acidosis?
Oxygen therapy, maintain patent airway, bronchodilators etc
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis
Hyperventilation or panic attack
What does an ABG look like for respiratory alkalosis
High ph
Low pac02
21-28 Hc03
How to treat respiratory alkalosis
Breathing techniques, oxygen therapy, anxiety reduction interventions
Calcium lab values
9-11
