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Nur 1175 Fundamentals > Electrolyte And Acid _ Base Balance > Flashcards

Electrolyte And Acid _ Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic Acidosis Symptoms

A
  • Hypoventilation → Hypoxia
  • Rapid, Shallow Respirations
  • ↓BP with Vasodilation
  • Dyspnea
  • Headache
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Dysrhythmias (↑K)
  • Drowsiness, Dizziness, Disorientation
  • Muscle Weakness, Hyperreflexia
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2
Q

Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms

A
  • Hypoventilation
  • rapid, shallow respirations
    -↓ BP with Vasodilaton
  • Dyspnea
  • Headache
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Dysrhythmias (↑K)
  • Drowsiness, Dizziness, Disorientation
  • Muscle Weakness, Hyperflexia
  • ↓pH
  • ↑pCO2
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3
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis Symptoms

A

-seizures
- Deep, Rapid Breathing
- Hyperventilation
- Tachycardia
- ↓ or Normal BP
- Hypokalemia
- Numbness & Tingling of Extremities
- Lethargy & Confusion
- Light Headedness
- Nausea, Vomiting

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4
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis Symptoms

A
  • Restlessness Followed by Lethargy
  • Dysrhythmias (Tachycardia)
  • Compensatory Hypoventilation
  • Confusion (↓LOC, Dizzy, Irritable)
  • Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea
  • Tremors, Muscle Cramps, Tingling of Fingers & Toes
  • Hypokalemia
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5
Q

Foods High in Sodium

A
  • Bacon
  • Beef Cubes
  • Ketchup
  • Corned Beef
  • Decaffeinated Coffee
  • Ham
  • Tomato Juice
  • Dill Pickles
  • Soda
  • Crackers
  • Processed Foods
  • Canned Goods
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6
Q

Foods High in Potassium

A
  • Plums
  • Bananas
  • Broccoli
  • Peanuts
  • Dried Fruit
  • Orange Juice
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7
Q

Foods High in Calcium

A
  • Dairy Products
  • Green Leafy Vegetables
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8
Q

Foods High in Magnesium

A
  • Nuts
  • Peanut Butter
  • Fruits
  • Fish
  • Seafood
  • Grains
  • Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
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9
Q

Foods High in Chloride

A
  • Table Salt
  • Sea Salt
  • Vegetables
  • Seaweed
  • Rye
  • Tomatoes
  • Lettuce
  • Celery
  • Olives
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10
Q

Foods High in Bicarbonate

A
  • Baking Soda
  • Baking Powder
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11
Q

Foods High in Phosphate

A
  • Whole-Grain Cereals
  • Nuts
  • Milk
  • Meat
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12
Q

Function of Sodium

A

Major contributor to maintaining water balance

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13
Q

Function of Potassium

A

Is necessary for glycogen deposits in the liver and skeletal muscle, transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac conduction, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction

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14
Q

Function of Calcium

A

Bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, hormone secretion, cell membrane integrity, cardiac conduction, transmission of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

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15
Q

Function of Magnesium

A

Essential for enzyme activities, neurochemical activities, and cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability

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16
Q

Function of Chloride

A

Major anion in ECF. The transport of chloride follows sodium

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17
Q

Function of Bicarbonate

A

The Bicarbonate ion is an essential component of the carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffering system essential to acid-base balance

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18
Q

Function of Phosphate

A

It assists in acid-base regulation. Phosphate and calcium help to develop and maintain bones and teeth. Phosphate also promotes normal neuromuscular action and participates in carbohydrate metabolism

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19
Q

Acidic

A

↑CO2 (carbon dioxide)
↓pH (potential of hydrogen)
↑Carbonic Acid
↓BE (base excess)
↑H (hudrogen)
↓HCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)

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20
Q

Alkalosis

A

↑pH
↓CO2
↑HCO3
↓H
↑BE

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21
Q

Normal Lab Value : Sodium

A

135 - 145 mEq/L

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22
Q

Normal Lab Value : Potassium

A

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

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23
Q

Normal Lab Value : Calcium (Total)

A

8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL

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24
Q

Normal Lab Value : Calcium (Ionized)

A

4.5 - 5.1 mg/dL

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25
Q

Normal Lab Value : Magnesium

A

1.3 - 2.3 mEq/L

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26
Q

Normal Lab Value : Phosphorous

A

2.4 - 4.5 mg/dL

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27
Q

Normal Lab Value : Chloride

A

97 - 107 mEq/L

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28
Q

Normal Lab Value : Sodium Bicarbonate

A

25 - 29 mEq/L

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29
Q

Normal Lab Value : Hematocrit

A

Male : 42% - 50%

Female : 40% - 48%

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30
Q

Normal Lab Value : Hemoglobin

A

Male : 13 - 18 g/dL

Female : 12 - 16 g/dL

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31
Q

Normal Lab Value : Creatinine

A

0.7 - 1.4 mg/100mL

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32
Q

Normal Lab Value : Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

10 - 20 mg/100 mL

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33
Q

Normal Lab Value : Urine Specific Gravity

A
  • 1.003 - 1.035
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34
Q

ABG

A

Arterial Blood Gas

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35
Q

Normal Lab Value : pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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36
Q

Normal Lab Value : PaCO2

A

35 - 45 mm Hg

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37
Q

Normal Lab Value : PaO2

A

80 - 100 mm Hg

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38
Q

Normal Lab Value : O2 Saturation

A

95% - 100%

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39
Q

Normal Lab Value : HCO3

A

22 - 26 mEq/L

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40
Q

Normal Lab Value : Base Excess

A

-2 to +2 mmol/L

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41
Q

Cations

A

Positive charge

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42
Q

Anions

A

Negative charge

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43
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Excessive retention of water and sodium in ECF

44
Q

Overhydration

A

Above-normal amounts of water in extracellular spaces

45
Q

Edema

A

Excessive ECF accumulated in tissue spaces

46
Q

Interstitial-to-plasma shift

A

Movement of fluid from space surrounding cells to blood

47
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Deficiency in amount of water and electrolytes in ECF with near-normal water/electrolyte proportions

48
Q

Dehydration

A

Decreased volume of water and electrolyte change

49
Q

Third-Space fluid shift

A

Distributional shift of body fluids into potential body spaces

50
Q

Solvents

A

Liquids that hold a substance in solution (water)

51
Q

Solutes

A

Substances dissolved in a solution (electrolytes and nonelectrolytes)

52
Q

Osmosis

A

Water passes from an area of lesser solute concentration to greater concentration until equilibrium is established

53
Q

Diffusion

A

Tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent (“downhill”)

54
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires energy for movement of substances through the cell membrane from the lesser solute concentration to the higher solute concentration

55
Q

Capillary Filtration

A

Passage of fluid through a permeable membrane from the area of higher to lower pressure

56
Q

Sensible Fluid Loss

A

Fluid actual “seen” as it is loss

Kidneys: urine

Intestinal tract: feces

Skin: perspiration

57
Q

Insensible water Loss

A

Fluid that is loss, but NOT seen

Evaporation from skin

Vapor lungs during expiration

58
Q

Osmolarity

A

The concentration of particles in a solution, or it’s pulling power

59
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration of particles as plasma
(Between 275 and 295 mOsm/L)

60
Q

Hypertonic

A

Greater concentration of particles than plasma
(>295 mOsm/L)

61
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lesser concentration of particles than plasma
(<275 mOsm/L)

62
Q

Sodium

A

Controlled and regulates volume of body fluids

63
Q

Potassium

A

Chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content

64
Q

Calcium

A

Nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption

65
Q

Magnesium

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes

66
Q

Chloride

A

Maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid

67
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Body’s primary buffer system

68
Q

Phosphate

A

Involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division, and hereditary traits

69
Q

Acid

A

Substance containing hydrogen ions that can be liberated or released

70
Q

Base

A

Substance that can trap hydrogen ions

71
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Primary excess of carbonic acid in ECF

72
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Primary deficit of carbonic acid in ECF

73
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Proportionate deficit or bicarbonate in ECF

74
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Primary excess of bicarbonate in ECF

75
Q

Observe IV site for :

A

Redness
Edema
Drainage/Blood
Warmth at the site

76
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid between the cells and the outside the blood vessels. Those fluids contain lymph

77
Q

Intravascular Fluid

A

Blood plasma found in the vascular system

78
Q

Normal serum osmolality

A

275 and 295 mOsm/L

(mOsm/L = Milliosmoles per kilogram of water)

79
Q

Capillary Filtration

A

Movement of water and diffusible substance across a membrane under pressure from higher to lower pressure

80
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of ions against osmotic pressure from an area of lower pressure to an area of higher pressure

81
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Stored in the posterior pituitary and is released when there is an increase in blood osmolality

Prevents diuresis, causing the body to save water

82
Q

Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone Mechanism

A

Causes an increased vasoconstriction, which increases blood flow to the kidneys

Overall effect is to retain sodium and water

83
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

Hormone that plays a critical role in the balance of fluid and electrolytes and the maintenance of vascular tone

84
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

Has the same osmolality as blood, like normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride)

85
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

3% sodium chloride will pull fluid from the cells, causing them to shrink

86
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

0.45% sodium chloride moves fluids into cells causing them to enlarge

87
Q

Volume imbalance

A

Disturbance of the amount of fluid in the extracellular compartment

88
Q

Osmolality Imbalance

A

Disturbances of the concentration of body fluid

89
Q

Isotonic deficit or excess

A

Exist when water and electrolytes are gained or lost in equal proportions but osmolality (ions/molecules) remains unchanged

90
Q

Osmolar Imbalances

A

Losses or excesses of water that affect the concentration (osmolality - ions/molecules) of the serum

91
Q

Third-Space Fluid Shift

A

Distributional shift of body fluids into the transcellular compartment

92
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Inside the capillary exceeds the surrounding interstitial space, fluids and solutes are forced out of the capillary wall into the interstitial space

93
Q

What is Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

A

Most effective way to evaluate acid- base balances and oxygenation

94
Q

What is pH

A

Measure hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids

Increase hydrogen ion = acidic

Decreased hydrogen ion = alkalosis

95
Q

What is PaCO2
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

Reflection of the depth of pulmonary ventilation

↑PaCO2 = hypoventilation

↓PaCO2 = hyperventilation

96
Q

What is PaO2
Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

A

No primary role in acid-base regulation when it’s within normal limits

97
Q

What is O2 Saturation

A

The point at which HGB is saturated by oxygen

98
Q

What is base excess

A

Amount of blood buffer (HGB and bicarbonate) that exist

↑value = alkalosis
↓value = acidosis

99
Q

What is bicarbonate

A

Major renal component of acid-base balance

↓bicarbonate = metabolic acidosis
↑bicarbonate = metabolic alkalosis

100
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

101
Q

A pH is less than 7 indicates

A

Acidic

102
Q

A pH greater than 7 indicates

A

Alkaline

103
Q

Severe diarrhea or renal disease can cause

A

Metabolic acidosis

104
Q

How many kilograms is equal to one liter of fluid loss or retained

A

2.2 lbs

105
Q

I&O is done for:

A

Surgical clients
Clients whom condition(s) is/are unstable
Febrile clients
Fluid restrictions
Receiving diuretic or IV therapy
Clients with chronic cardiopulmonary or renal conditions
Clients whose health status has become unstable

106
Q

One ounce = ___________ cc or mL

A

30

107
Q

Oral includes:

A

Water
Milk
Juice
Ice cream
Jello
Soup
Fluids with medications
Sodas or carbonated drinks

pudding is dependent on institution policy

Nur 1175 Fundamentals (1 decks)

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