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CARDIORESPIRATORY 2 > ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND RHYTHM DISORDERS > Flashcards

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND RHYTHM DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lead?

A

Measurement of electrical activity of the heart from a certain perspective/angle

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2
Q

How many electrodes, cables/wires and leads?

A

10 electrodes
10 cables/wires
12 leads

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3
Q

What does an isoelectric line represent in an ECG?

A

No net change in voltage - vectors are perpendicular to the lead

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4
Q

What does the width of the deflection denote?

A

The duration of the event

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5
Q

What does the steepness of the line in an ECG denote?

A

Velocity of action potential

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6
Q

Upward and downward deflections indicate…

A

Upwards indicate they are towards +ve electrode and vice versa

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7
Q

What does the P wave indicate?

A

The electrical signal which stimulates atrial systole (contraction)

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8
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate?

A

The electrical signal that stimulates ventricular systole (contraction)

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9
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

The electrical signal that signifies ventricular relaxation

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10
Q

What is the rule of Ls?

A

Lead I = right arm to Left arm
Lead II = right arm to Left Leg
Lead III = Left arm to Left Leg

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11
Q

What is the rule of reading?

A

If the 3 leads drawn out into triangle, left to right and top to bottom the first electrode encountered of each bipolar pair in a lead is always negative

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12
Q

Name the 3 augmented vector leads and their paths

A

aVR - Right arm (+ve) to midpoint of of lead III (-ve)
aVL - Midpoint of lead II (-ve) to left arm (+ve)
aVF - Left leg (+ve) to midpoint of lead I (-ve)

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13
Q

Where are the chest electrodes of an ECG placed

A

V1 - Right sternal border, 4th intercostal space
V2 - Left sternal border, 4th intercostal space
V3 - Halfway between V2 and V4
V4 - Mid-clavicular line, 5th intercostal space
V5 - Anterior axillary line, same level as V4
V6 - Mid-axillary line at level of V4

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14
Q

What does each little square on an ECG represent?

A

0.04 secs

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15
Q

What does atrial fibrillation look like on an ECG?

A

Oscillating baseline with atria contracting asynchronously

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16
Q

What does atrial flutter look like on an ECG?

A

Regular saw-tooth pattern in baseline

Atrial to ventricular beats at a 2:1, 3:1 ratio or higher

17
Q

What does a first degree heart block look like on an ECG?

A

Prolonged PR interval due to slower AV conduction

18
Q

What does a second degree heart block (Mobitz I) look like on an ECG and what is it caused by?

A

Gradual prolongation of PR interval until beat skipped
Most P-waves followed by QRS but some P-waves not

Due to diseased AVN - regularly irregular

19
Q

What does a second degree heart block (Mobitz II) look like on an ECG?

A

Not all P-waves followed by a QRS complex
No P-R elongation
Regularly irregular

Can rapidly deteriorate into 3rd degree heart block

20
Q

What does a third degree heart block look like on an ECG?

A

No relationship between P-waves and QRS complex. Both still regular but occur anywhere in heart beat
P-waves can be hidden in bigger vectors

Non-sinus rhythm (SAN has no influence) - back up pacemaker in action

21
Q

What does ventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?

A

P-waves hidden causing dissociated atrial rhythm due to ventricle beating so fast. Regular rate is 100-200 bpm.

P40 notes

22
Q

What are patients with ventricular tachycardia at high risk of?

A

Deteriorating into fibrillation (cardiac arrest)

23
Q

Which heart rhythm irregularities are shockable with defibrillators?

A

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular fibrillation

24
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation look like on an ECG?

A

Irregular heart rate and 250+ bpm (more frequent than ventricular tachycardia)

25
Q

What does an ST elevation look like on an ECG and why does it occur?

A

ST segment elevated > 2mm above isoelectric line
Regular rhythm and rate

Caused by infarction

26
Q

What does an ST depression look like on an ECG and why does it occur?

A

ST segment depressed > 2mm below isoelectric line
Regular rhythm and rate

Caused by myocardial ischaemia due to coronary insufficiency

CARDIORESPIRATORY 2 (8 decks)

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