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Scientific Foundations I > Electricity, US, MRI, Weak acids and bases > Flashcards

Electricity, US, MRI, Weak acids and bases Flashcards

1
Q

Most common site of airway fire

A

Airway, followed by head or face and elsewhere on or inside Pt.

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2
Q

Fires are a risk when using nasal cannula and what tool for a procedure?

A

Laser or cautery

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3
Q

Doing this should be avoided in arranging drapes as it can trap O2 and increase risk of fire:

A

Tenting

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4
Q

What can be done to remove trapped O2 under tented drapes?

A

Suction catheter under to remove O2. Large bore

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5
Q

When using laser cautery, use what type of lube?

A

Water soluble

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6
Q

What air: oxygen mix should be used with laser or cautery?

A

As little O2 as possible to keep SPO2 >92%.

Don’t use nitrous!

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7
Q

This type of ETT is highly flammable

A

Polyvinyl chloride

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8
Q

What should be placed around circuit when laser in use?

A

Wet towels, Support circuit

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9
Q

What absolutely must be kept nearby work area when laser and cautery is in use?

A

Bottle of sterile water

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10
Q

Most frequent laser related complication?

A

Airway fire

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11
Q

What can be used to fill ETT balloon?

A

Water, or mix with methylene blue

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12
Q

2-3 L/min of O2 should be sufficient if the patient is not what?

A

Oversedated!

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13
Q

The first thing to be done at the sign of ETT fire:

A

Disconnect circuit and extubate patient, remove any burning ETT that remains

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14
Q

Second thing after ETT fire

A

Irrigate site/mouth/face, mask ventilate, or reintubate.

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15
Q

Three elements required for a fire

A

Heat source, Oxygen, Fuel

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16
Q

Example of heat source

A

electrocautery, static electricity, fiberoptic sources, defibrillators, lasers

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17
Q

Fuel source:

A

Hair, skin, drapes, PVC, gowns, towels, sponges, Skin prep solutions, bowel gas

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18
Q

Oxidizer:

A

Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide

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19
Q

Don’t drape patient until:

A

Prep is dry!

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20
Q

Use drapes that are:

A

fire retardant

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21
Q

Two preps that are water-based:

A

Pharmaseal and betadine

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22
Q

Protect hair with:

A

KY gel

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23
Q

Class A extinguisher:

A

(ash): wood, paper, cloth.

24
Q

Class B

A

(boils): grease, flammable liquid fires

25
Q

Class C

A

(Current): Electrical

26
Q

Class ABC:

A

Dry chemical, all fires

27
Q

Carbon Dioxide extinguishers

A

For class B and C, No harmful residue

28
Q

Common surgeries where fires may occur:

A

Bowel surgery with bowel gas ignition
Oropharyngeal
tracheostomy
laser surgery

29
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

Measures electrical forces between two objects

30
Q

Like charges:

A

repel each other

31
Q

Opposite charges:

A

attract

32
Q

This is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor

A

electric current

33
Q

Current measured in

A

Amperes (A): flow of 1 coulomb/second

34
Q

Ohm’s law

A

E=IxR
E: potential energy (Volts)
I: Current (amperes)
R: Resistance (ohms)

35
Q

These are used to isolate electrical supply systems from one another:

A

Transformers

36
Q

This principle allows electricity to be transferred to one system from another without physical contact

A

Magnetic inductance

This allows the OR supply to be ungrounded so a person isn’t electrocuted when in contact with one live wire

37
Q

Energy focused in a small area

A

ESU

38
Q

Correct placement of grounding pad/base plate

A

Close to the operative site, far from ECG pads, adequate gel and skin contact, NOT over scar tissue, hair, or implants.

39
Q

Considerations for a Pacemaker:

A

Pad below thorax, equipment, and drugs ready, AICD reprogrammed

40
Q

Equipment for pacemaker emergency

A

Magnet, external pacemaker, and defibrillator

41
Q

Up and down waves like electromagnetic:

A

Transverse waves

42
Q

Back and forth like sound waves:

A

Longitudinal waves

43
Q

These sound waves are above auditory limit of humans, about 20 Hz.

A

Ultrasound waves

44
Q

US waves transmitted via what, and is received by what?

A

Signal generator and Transducer

45
Q

This allows the determination of blood flow Direction and Speed:

A

Doppler in US

46
Q

Intensity decreases with increasing distance from the source

A

Law of inverse squares

47
Q

Stay how many feet from radiation?

A

Six

48
Q

This uniformly realigns spin of protons w/in H atoms of water

A

MRI

49
Q

MRI uses radio-frequency pulses that are delivered in:

A

Thin slices in sagittal, coronal, or axial planes

50
Q

Max Planck theorized that EMR is

A

Quantized

51
Q

EMR may be (four things) by matter

A

Reflected
Refracted (Scattered)
Diffracted (redirected)
Absorbed (interfered)

52
Q

EMR is underlying principle of:

A

X-ray, Flouro, Anesthetic gas measurement, Pulse Ox and Lasers.

53
Q

REM

A

Radiation equivalent in man

54
Q

annual limit of mREM

A

less than 5000

55
Q

Annual limit for pregnant mrem

A

500

56
Q

Angiography produces xxxxx mrem

A

5000

57
Q

Flouro produces how many mrem?

A

75,000

Scientific Foundations I (2 decks)

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