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I & M Enhanced > Electricity > Flashcards

Electricity Flashcards

2
Q

What is a circuit?

A

Collection of elements or a collection of elements and signals that are connected together for purposes of modifying input signals to obtain other desired responses

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3
Q

In a circuit picture of a battery, which is the + positive side of the battery?

A

The long bar

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4
Q

What is the type of amplifier used in physiology?

A

Differential Amp (Type 2)

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5
Q

What kind of circuit does not allow for work ?

A

Short circuit

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6
Q

What is the definition of an electric current?

A

The flow of charges per unit time

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7
Q

What is the unit of charge?

A

Coulomb

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8
Q

What is the MKS unit of electric current?

A

Ampere

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9
Q

How much does 1 ampere represent?

A

Flow of one Coulomb per second

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10
Q

How much does a negative coulomb equal?

A

6.25 x 10^18 electrons

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11
Q

How is voltage measured?

A

Always between 2 points

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12
Q

What is V = IR

A

Ohm’s Law(voltage = current x resistance)

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13
Q

What is Darcy’s law?

A

Q = P / R

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14
Q

What is the difference signal and flow signal of electrical measurements?

A

DS : Voltage V (volts)FS : Current I (amperes)

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15
Q

What is the difference signal and flow signal of hydraulic measurements?

A

DS : pressure P (dynes / cm^2)FS : flow V (cm^3 / sec)

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16
Q

What is the difference signal and flow signal of thermal measurements?

A

DS : temperature T (*C)FS : heat flow q (watts)

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17
Q

What is the difference signal and flow signal of concentration measurements?

A

DS : solute concentrations C (mg/mL)FS : solute flow Q (mg / min)

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18
Q

What does DC stand for?

A

direct current(consistent straight line about non zero number)

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19
Q

What does AC stand for?

A

alternating current(varies around zero)

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20
Q

What type of current does the cardiovascular system use?

A

DC + AC(varies around non zero number)

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21
Q

Arterial blood pressure waveform is based on what 2 measurements?

A

Mean pressure and pulse pressure

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22
Q

When is mean circulating filling pressure measured?

A

When flow is stopped, therefore the heart is stopped, and thus value should be very close to 0

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23
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number of variations / sec

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24
Q

What is Coulomb’s law?

A

F = k (q1 x q2 / d^2)f = force , q = charge strengths d = distance between chargesk = coulomb’s constant

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25
Q

What does coulomb’s law measure?

A

relationships of charges

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26
Q

What is formula for frequency?

A

f = 1/T

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27
Q

When using the “right hand rule” in magnetic fields, what does thumb point to and what does fingers point to?

A

Thumb points to positive end.Fingers point towards magnetic field

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28
Q

What is the equation of power?

A

P = I Vpower = current x voltage

29
Q

What does Kirchhoff’s Voltage law state?

A

The sum of the voltage variations around a loop is zero(Rt = R1 + R2 + R3)

30
Q

What type of series system do humans have?

A

Closed system but not series system

31
Q

What are the only things in human body that can vary resistance?

A

Arterioles

32
Q

What is Kirchhoff’s Current Law?

A

Sum of all currents that converge on a node will be zero

33
Q

When adding parallel resistances, is the total resistance reduced or increased?

A

Reduced

34
Q

V = 0 when multiplied cross products are equal to each other ( R1 x R4 = R2 x R3). This is known as what?

A

The wheatstone bridge , or the balance equation

35
Q

When is the wheatstone bridge used ?

A

Used in pressure transducers

36
Q

What is a transducer?

A

device that converts one form of energy to another form

37
Q

The ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential is known as what?

A

Capacitance or compliance

38
Q

T or F : Capacitors can hold charges and keep those charges separated.

A

TRUE

39
Q

When parallel capacitors are placed in a circuit, are they additive or subtractive?

A

Additive Ct = C1 + C2 + C3

40
Q

Parallel capacitance is dependent on what?

A

The area of the plates and the distance between the plates.

41
Q

What is the equation of Capacitance?

A

C = kEo x (A/d)

42
Q

Decreasing the distance between the plates will do what do capacitance?

A

They will become much more compliant

43
Q

What major organ in the human body relies heavily on parallel capacitance?

A

Lungs

44
Q

What type of capacitance is not found in the human body?

A

Series capacitance

45
Q

Inductors, or inertance, is what?

A

Measure of the pressure gradient in a fluid required to cause a change in flow-rate with time

46
Q

What is the major driving flow in hemodynamics?

A

Blood

47
Q

What do inducers do?

A

They try to resist current change in the circuit

48
Q

What type of inductance systems are most circulatory systems?

A

Parallel inductance systems

49
Q

T or F: Various parts of the human body have different types of resistance?

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is the capacitive reactance equation?

A

Xc = 1 / 2 (pi) f C

51
Q

If you have poorly compliant lungs, what kind of ventilation to you need to give to the patient?

A

High frequency ventilation because the higher the f, the less the reactance

52
Q

What is the phase(time) difference that results from the human physiological system?

A

90 difference

53
Q

What is impedance?

A

The sum of resistance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance taking the phase contribution of each into account

54
Q

What is the formula for impedance?

A

Z = square root (R^2 + (Xl - Xc)^2)

55
Q

Why is the baseline heart rate between 60-70 bpm?

A

Because the compliance and inertia of the heart cancels each other out, therefore it is the moment at which it is most efficient

56
Q

What sizes do the bandwidth filters come that are used in accordance with the AHA?What are these filters called?

A

0.5- 100 hzBand pass filter

57
Q

A main source of EKG interference is what?

A

60 cycle EKG

58
Q

What does a band reject(notch) filter do?

A

Cuts out many bands of frequencies

59
Q

What is the peak amplitude?

A

The maximum amplitude in either the positive or negative half cycle

60
Q

What is the RMS amplitude (root mean square)?

A

The amplitude a DC signal would need to be in order to provide the same average power peak amplitude

61
Q
A
62
Q
A
63
Q

What is the formula for parallel inductance?

A
64
Q

What type of circulation is the splanchnic circulation considered to be?

A

parallel resistance

65
Q

What is inductive reactance?

A
66
Q

What is impedance?

A
67
Q

A conductor, i.e. a wire, within a changing magnetic field has a voltage (an EMF), and therefore a current, induced within the conductor, is known as what?

A

Faraday’s Law

68
Q

How do we determine the voltage in a transformer?

A

I & M Enhanced (5 decks)

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