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526 Electro > Electrical Pulse Parameters and Associated Physiological Responses > Flashcards

Electrical Pulse Parameters and Associated Physiological Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency Spectrum

A

THz (Tera) = 10^12 Hz
Ghz (Giga) = 10^9 Hz
Mhz (Mega) = 10^6 Hz
Khz (Kilo) = 10^3 Hz

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2
Q

Wave Form

A

Describes the shape of an alternating or pulsatile current and can be associated with polarity

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3
Q

Naming Currents

A

Balance or Unbalanced
Symmetry / Asymmetric
Shape (Triangle, Sawtooth, Sinusoidal)
Alternating or Pulsatile (Mon/Bi) Current

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4
Q

Characteristics/Terms when describing Currents

A

Duration
Phase
Phase Duration
Pulse Duration
Interphase Interval
Interpulse Interval

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5
Q

Duration

A

Important phenomena for recruiting fibers and comfort

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6
Q

Phase

A

Current Flow in one Direction

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7
Q

Phase Duration

A

Time from beginning to end of one phase of a pulse
(expressed in usec or msec)

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8
Q

Pulse Duration

A

Total time from the beginning to end of one pulse and includes the phase duration of all phases plus the interphase interval

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9
Q

Interphase Interval

A

Period of time of no electrical activity between two phases of a pulse
(Zero electric baseline)

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10
Q

Interpulse Interval

A

Period of no electrical activity between two successive pulses. The interphase interval cannot exceed the interpulse interval

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11
Q

Current Density

A

Represents the Intensity/Area under a stimulation pad

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12
Q

How does Electrode size affect Intensity

A

The smaller the Electrode the greater the intensity of the stimualtion compared to larger Electrode

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13
Q

Issues with Electrode Size and Wear

A

Be cautious with setting the intensity level with smaller or damaged Electrodes.

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14
Q

How does Hair affect an Electrode

A

Anything can can chage the surface area of contact could mistakenly lead to higher intensity

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15
Q

Rise Time

A

Time for the leading edge of the pahse to increase from the zero baseline to the peak amplitude of the phase

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16
Q

Decay (Fall Time)

A

Time for the trailing edge of a phase to fall from the peak amplitude to the zero baseline

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17
Q

Period

A

Time from a reference point on a pulse to the identical point on the following pulse

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18
Q

Amplitude Modulation

A

Variations in the peak amplitude in a series of pulses or cycle

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19
Q

Phase or Pulse Duration Modulation

A

Variations in phase or pulse duration in a series of pulses

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20
Q

Frequency Modulation

A

Variations in frequency in a series of pulses

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21
Q

Ramp or Surge Modulation

A

Cyclical sequential increases or decreases in phase charge over time

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22
Q

Duty Cycle

A

Ratio of the one time to the total time of the stimulation, expressed as a percentage

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23
Q

Ways to Modulate

A

Changing the:
Amplitude
Frequency
Duration

Changing to:
Burst Modulation

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24
Q

Burst

A

Series of pulses or cycles of alternating current delivered during a stimulator ON period

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25
Q

Burst Duration

A

Length in time of the burst usually in msec

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26
Q

Burst Frequency

A

Number of bursts per second

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27
Q

Interburst Interval

A

Time the stimulator is off between bursts

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28
Q

Timing

A

Altering the time characteristics of stimulation

29
Q

Train

A

Continuous, repetititive series of pulses at a fixed frequency

30
Q

Burst

A

Package of train pulses (in usec/microsec) delivered at a specified frequency, 2 bursts per second, bursts in (msec/millisec)

31
Q

Carrier Frequency

A

Pulse duration is 1/f
Increase pulse duration to improve muscle force output you would decrease the train frequency

32
Q

2000 Hz

A

1/2000 or 500 second pulse duration

33
Q

1000 Hz

A

1/1000 or 1000 second (1 millisecond) pulse duration

34
Q

Burst Frequency

A

Function of Burst Duration
Inverse relationship between Frequency and Cycle Duration for an Alternating Current

35
Q

Basic Clinical Currents

A

Direct Current
Medium Frequency Alternating Current
Pulsatile Current
Microcurrent

36
Q

Direct Current

A

Most Powerful Current

Not used too often, as its very strong
Can destroy the new vascular supply

37
Q

Medium Frequency Alternating Current

A

Russian
Interferential

Not necessarily used in the Elderly due to intensity

38
Q

Pulsatile Current

A

Mono/Bi
HVPC

HVPC is one of the weakest currencies. High voltage but a short period of time

39
Q

Microcurrent

A

Doesn’t hit the threshold
But still possible burn someone over exposed tissue

40
Q

Direct Current (DC)

A

Current that runs for one second or greater in one direction

41
Q

Alternating Current (AC)

A

Continuous Bi-Directional flow of current

42
Q

2 Types of Alternating Current

A

Symmetrical AC
Asymmetrical AC

43
Q

Alternating Current (AC)
Interferential Current

A

MF Beat Modulated AC
or
MF Amplitude Modulated AC

44
Q

Alternating Current (AC)
Russian Current

A

MF Burst AC
or
MF time Modulated AC

45
Q

Interferential Current

A

2 sinusoidal AC outputs that differ in frequency when the 2 frequencies intersect they summate resulting in a BEAT (envelope).

Polyphasic pulse of varying amplitude or amplitude modulated

46
Q

Uses for TENS

A

Possible for the Management of Pain specific TENS with clinical application (Joint Mob, Exercise/ROM)

Regain MS Force Joint ROM if they achieve strong motor contraction

Decrease Chronic Edema

NOT GOOD for use with small electrodes because of High RMS
NOT GOOD FOR applications where polarity is needed (wound healing)

47
Q

AC Russian Current
Type of Burst

A

Time Modulated AC
Each burst is a Polyphasic Pulse
In accordance with the strength duration curve we must compensate for a short duration by increasing pulse amplitude to get excitation

48
Q

AC Russian Current
Phase Duration

A

Phase Durations (400 usec - 200 usec) is in a narrow range that correlates with relatively comfortable stimulation

49
Q

AC Russian Current
Modulation

A

If the current was not modulated it would be too much current, by allow rest it give a strong amount of current with interval rests

50
Q

Uses of Russian Current

A

Regain MS Force if strong enough
Regain ROM if strong enough MOtor Response/Contraction
Decrease Chronic Edema

NOT GOOD FOR use with small electrodes because of high RMS
NOT GOOD FOR applications where polarity is needed

51
Q

Pulsative Current

A

Noncontinuous Flow of Direct or Alternating Current

52
Q

Pulsative Current Types

A

Monphasic
“High Volt PC”

Biphasic
Safe current that can create Muscle Contractions

Polyphasic
Been used to refer the AC bursts as we discussed above

53
Q

HVPC

A

Twin Peak Pulses

Monophasic PC current with very short pulse durations (5-20 usec)
Very High Current Amplitude (2000 to 2500 mA)

54
Q

HVPC
Amplitude and Duration

A

Because the Duration is so short, the Amplitude msut be so high to get excitation

55
Q

HVPC
Amplitude and Voltage

A

Because the Amplitude produced is so high the Voltage of the machine is very high

56
Q

HVPC
RMS Current

A

RMS Current is very low 1.2 to 1.5 mA
Because the interpulse interval lasts so long (9900 usec) relative the actual time the current is flowing (100 usec)

The very short pulse duration and high peak current make it fairly comfortable

Effective for exciting easily Sensory Motor and Pain Fibers to a very versatile machine

57
Q

HVPC
Uses

A

Good for when polarity is needed (monophasic) for edema and wound healing
Pain Management

58
Q

Root Mean Square (RMS)

A

Root Mean Square (RMS) is an important concept in understanding the effects of current and in deciding which currents to use therapeutically

59
Q

What is Root Mean Square (RMS)

A

RMS is a mathematically calculated value that represents the amount of current that goes into the tissue

60
Q

Root Mean Square in relation to Tissue

A

It can be thought of as the power of the current or as the energy transferred into the tissue or in its simplest form, the AMOUNT OF HEAT CREATED IN THE TISSUE

61
Q

Why are RMS levels important

A

RMS must be kept at appropriate levels to prevent tissue damage

Too high will produce harmfull effects, decrease the comfort of the stimulation and therefore often the best possible effects.

62
Q

Clinical Considerations of RMS

A

No established guide for levels of RMS.

Use the lowest RMS Current density that you can to produce the desired physiological response

63
Q

Current Density of RMS

A

Current density is determined is determined by dividing total current by the area of the electrode used

64
Q

Suggested values for RMS Current

A

High End 10 mA/cm
Conservative End 1.5-4 mA/cm

65
Q

Currents that Produce High RMS
MF Burst

A

MF Burst modulated AC RMS very high 50-100 mA

Use Large Electrodes

66
Q

Currents that Produce High RMS
MF Beat

A

MF beat modulated AC RMS very high 50-90 mA

Use Large Electrodes

67
Q

Currents that Produce Lower RMS
Monophasic Pulsed Current

A

Monophasic Pulsed Current RMS low 3-12 mA

68
Q

Currents that Produce Lower RMS
Biphasic Symmetrical Pulsed Current

A

Biphasic Symmetrical Pulsed Current RMS low 3-12 mA

Because of the Long Interpulse Interval

69
Q

Currents that Produce Lower RMS
High Volt Pulsed Current

A

High Volt Pulsed Current RMS low 1.2-1.5 mA because of the short Pulse Duration and Long Interpulse Interval

Target area with Small Electrodes or Target Electrodes to induce the desired response

526 Electro (2 decks)

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