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PathoPharm > electorlytes > Flashcards

electorlytes Flashcards

1
Q

Potassium (K+) normal levels

A

3.5-5.0

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2
Q

Sodium (Na+) normal levels

A

135-145

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3
Q

Magnesium (Mg+) normal levels

A

1.3-2.1

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4
Q

Calcium (Ca) normal levels

A

9-10.5

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5
Q

Phosphate normal levels

A

3-4.5

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6
Q

ICF prevalent cation & anion

A

potassium & phosphate

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7
Q

ECF prevalent cation & anion

A

sodium & calcium

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8
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the PULL, brings water in

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9
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the PUSH, water goes out

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10
Q

ADH / Vasopressin

A

anti diuretic hormone
regulated by pituitary
retain more water

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11
Q

Aldosterone

A

regulated by adrenal gland
RAAS
(Renin>angiotensinI>ACE>AngiotensinII>Aldosterone)
stimulates sodium & water retention

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12
Q

Natriuetic Peptides

A

antagonists to the RAAS
stimulated by high BP/BV
suppress ADH, aldosterone, & renin

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13
Q

Hypervolemia

A

FVE
HR decrease (bounding)
BP increase
edema/cool skin
rapid shallow breaths (lung crackles)
UOP increase
weight increase
Lab values decreased (not concentrated)

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14
Q

Hypovolemia

A

FVD
HR increase (weak)
BP decrease
skin tenting/dry mucous membrane/fever
rapid deep breaths
UOP decrease
weight decrease
Lab values increased (concentrated)

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15
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Potassium over 5

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16
Q

Hyperkalemia manifestations

A

HIGH
peaked T waves & ST elevation
V Fib & cardiac arrest
cramping leg/abdominal

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17
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

renal failure
Massive intake
ACE inhibitors
Aldactone (retains potassium)

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18
Q

Hypokalemia

A

potassium under 3

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19
Q

Hypokalemia manifestations

A

LOW AND SLOW
flat T waves, ST depression, U wave
weakness of respiratory muscles

20
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

abnormal losses through kindey/GI
magnesium deficiency
thiazide & loop diuretics

21
Q

Hypernatremia

A

sodium over 145

22
Q

Hypernatremia manifestations

A

BIG & BLOATED
edema
increased muscle tone
swollen dry tongue

23
Q

Hypernatremia causes

A

Low ADH
Diabetes insipidus (dry inside)
enteral feedings
pituitary feedings

24
Q

Hyponatremia

A

sodium under 135

25
Q

Hyponatriemia manifestations

A

LOW AND SLOW
cerebral edema (headache)
decreased respiratory rate
fatigue & muscle cramps

26
Q

Hyponatriemia causes

A

excess water intake
psychogenic polydipsia (cant stop drinking)
SIADH (excess ADH)
drinking only water for fluid (think Gatorade)
diuretics (Furmoside & lasix)

27
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

magnesium over 2.1

28
Q

Hypermagnesemia manifestations

A

HIGH MELLOW
hypotension/bradycardia
decreased DTR
depressed respirations

29
Q

Hypermagnesemia causes

A

renal failure
alcoholism
increased intake
VERY RARE usually occurs when trying to correct hypomagnesemia

30
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

magnesium under 1.3

31
Q

Hypomagnesemia manifestations

A

LOW MELLOW
torsades de pointes (funky heart wave/tornado EKG)
increased DTR
Confusion
Tremors

32
Q

Hypomagnesemia causes

A

Hypokalcemia
malnourishment
alcoholism
fluid loss

33
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

calcium over 10.5

34
Q

Hypercalcemia manifestations

A

HIGH CALM
kidney stones
bone pain
muscle weakness
loss of muscle tone

35
Q

Hypercalcemia causes

A

Hyperparathyroidism (High PTH stimulates calcium absorption)
malignancy & tumors
immobility

36
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

calcium under 9

37
Q

Hypocalcemia manifestations

A

LOW CALM
Trousseaus Sign
Tetany
Chvosteks Sign
increased muscle tone
tingling mouth/extremities

38
Q

Hypocalcemia causes

A

Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH, no calcium absorption)
acute pancreatitis
multiple blood transfusions
low magnesium

39
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

phosphate over 4.5

40
Q

Hyperphosphatemia manifestations

A

LOW CALCIUM SIGNS
Trousseaus, chvosteks
Calcified deposits in soft tissues

41
Q

Hyperphosphatemia causes

A

Chronic/acute kidney disease
Chemotherapy
excessive ingestion

42
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

phosphate under 3

43
Q

Hypophosphatemia manifestations

A

HIGH CALCIUM SIGNS
CNS depression
Dysrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy
muscle weakness

44
Q

Hypophosphatemia
causes

A

Hyperparathyroidism (High PTH stimulates calcium absorption)
malnourishment
alcoholism
use of alcohol binding antacids

45
Q
A

PathoPharm (2 decks)

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