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Atoms > Eleanor > Flashcards

Eleanor Flashcards

Text Activities 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.2, 6.3

1
Q

What are in the nucleus?

A

Protons and Neutrons

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2
Q

What orbits the nucleus?

A

Electrons

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3
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A subatomic particle about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge. Neutral charge.

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4
Q

What is an electron?

A

A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids. Negative charge.

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5
Q

What is a proton?

A

A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron. Positive charge.

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6
Q

What does the Z represent?

A

The Atomic Number.

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7
Q

What does the A represent?

A

The Atomic mass number.

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8
Q

What is the name given to the
different energy levels that
electrons can be found in?

A

An energy level represents the 3-dimensional space surrounding the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be. The first energy level is closest to the nucleus.

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9
Q

How many electrons are needed
to fill (a) the first shell (b) the
second shell c) the third shell?

A

a) 2 b) 8 c) 18

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10
Q

How is an ion different from an

atom?

A

Atoms are neutral; they contain the same number of protons as electrons. Ions have lost an electron to form a positive ion or have gained one to form a negative ion.

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11
Q

State whether the following
atoms form positive or negative
ions: (a) oxygen; (b) boron;
(c) chlorine; (d) lithium.

A

a) negative
b) positive
c) negative
d) positive

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12
Q 
The ion formed from a zinc atom
has the symbol Zn2+. (a) Does
the zinc atom lose electrons or
gain electrons to form this ion?
(b) How many electrons does it
gain or lose to form the ion?
A

a) lose

b) lose 2

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13
Q

Where would you find the alkali metals?

A

In group 1 from period 2 onwards.

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14
Q

Where would you find the alkaline earth metals?

A

In group 2.

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15
Q

Where would you find the halogens?

A

In group 17.

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16
Q

Where would you find the transition metals?

A

In the middle from group 3-12.

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17
Q

What are the most reactive groups?

A

1,2,6 and 7.

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18
Q

What are the trends in the periodic table?

A

Ionisation energy, electron affinity, valence shells. metallic character and atomic radius.

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19
Q

Describe what happens to the metallic character of the elements as you go across the periodic table.

A

Metallic character decreases as you move across the periodic table from left to right. This occurs as atoms more readily accept electrons to fill a valence shell than lose them to remove the unfilled shell.

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20
Q

What information is about the electron arrangement is given by the group number of the element?

A

An element in group 1 has 1 electron in its valence shell. …

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21
Q

What information about the electron arrangement is given by the period number of an element?

A

All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals. For example, every element in the top row (the first period) has one orbital for its electrons.

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22
Q

State wherever the following is true or false.

The noble gases are found in group 18.

A

True

23
Q

State wherever the following is true or false.

The non-metals are round in the upper right side of the periodic table.

A

True

24
Q

State wherever the following is true or false.

There are more metals than non-metals.

A

True

25
Q

State wherever the following is true or false.

Few elements are found naturally as liquids.

A

True

26
Q

Why does water not appear on the periodic table?

A

It is a compound not an element.

27
Q

What is the atomic mass unit?

A

A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights

28
Q

What happens if you change the number of protons?

A

It turns into a different element.

29
Q

What is carbon dating?

A

The determination of the age or date of organic matter from the relative proportions of the carbon isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14 that it contains.

30
Q

What is alpha radiation?

A

Made up of two protons and two neutrons making it have a 2+ charge. Can’t penetrate into most materials. They are strongly ionising.

31
Q

What is beta radiation?

A

High-energy electrons, carrying a negative charge, that are sent out by some radioactive nuclei.

32
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

Gamma radiation aren’t particles they are waves. They have no charge or mass so they are weakly ionising. They can only be stopped by thick steel sheets or meters of concrete.

33
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: a radioactive particle that has the same size and mass as an electron?

A

The beta particle

34
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: a radioactive particle that is made up of two protons and two neutrons?

A

Alpha particles

35
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: a radiation that can penetrate the human body and can only be stopped by a thick shield of lead or concrete?

A

Gamma rays

36
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: a radioactive particle that can travel almost at the speed of light?

A

Beta β electrons

37
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: a radioactive particle that carries the highest amount of charge?

A

gamma

38
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: radiation which has the smallest penetrating power?

A

Alpha particles

39
Q

What type of nuclear radiation is this: radiation that travels as a wave rather than a particle?

A

Gamma rays

40
Q

Why are alpha, beta and gamma radiation referred to as ionising radiation?

A

They are all energetic enough to pull electrons away from other atoms, and once this is done to them, they are referred to as ions, giving them the name ionising radiation.

41
Q

What is background radiation caused by?

A

The release of decaying isotopes from the earth’s crust.

42
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are unstable as they have more or less neutrons.

43
Q

What are radioactive isotopes?

A

Atoms that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons, or excess energy in their nucleus.

44
Q

What are the melting point trends on the periodic table?

A

For Groups 1 and 2, the boiling and melting points decrease as you move down the group. For the transition metals, boiling and melting points mostly increase as you move down the group, but they decrease for the zinc family.

45
Q

What are the reactivity trends in the periodic table?

A

Period - reactivity decreases as you go from left to right. Period - reactivity increases as you go from the left to the right. Group - reactivity decreases as you go down the group.

46
Q

What are the atomic radius trends in the periodic table?

A

The atomic radius of atoms generally decreases from left to right across a period.

47
Q

What is half life?

A

Half life is the time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei to decay.

48
Q

What are metalloids?

A

An element (e.g. arsenic, antimony, or tin) whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid non-metals

49
Q

What is Atomic Radius?

A

This distance between an atom’s nucleus and outer electron shell.

50
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

51
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

An unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable.

52
Q

What is ionising?

A

Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized.

53
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits spontaneously or on impact with another particle, with the release of energy.

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