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Block 4: Anatomy + Physiology > Elbow + Forearm > Flashcards

Elbow + Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

What is at risk of damage with a humeral mid-shaft fracture?

A

Can damage radial nerve and profunda brachii artery if fracture is through the spiral groove (located at posterior aspect of humerus)

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2
Q

Which nerve passes posteriorly to the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Ulnar nerve

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3
Q

What can cause a fracture of the olecranon?

A

Direct trauma

Avulsion caused by a strong triceps contraction (e.g. in a fall)

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4
Q

Which nerve may be affected by a fractured neck of radius?

A

Posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve)

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5
Q

What movement does the LCL of the elbow resist?

A

Adduction/ varus movement of forearm

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6
Q

What movement does the MCL of the elbow resist?

A

Abduction/ valgus movement of forearm

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7
Q

What are the markers of the anconeus triangle?

A

Radial head, lateral epicondyle of humerus and olecranon of ulna

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8
Q

What is the Anconeus triangle used for?

A

Region for elbow injection or aspiration

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9
Q

What movements does the radioulnar joint permit?

A

Pronation

Supination

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10
Q

What muscles are involved in supination of the forearm?

A 
Biceps Brachii (innervated by musculocutaneous C5+C6) 
Supinator (Layer 2 of posterior forearm; innervated by posterior interosseous, branch of radial C5+C6)
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11
Q

What muscles are involved in pronation of the forearm?

A 
Pronator Teres (Layer 1 of anterior forearm - innervated by median C6+C7) 
Pronator Quadratus (Layer 3 of anterior forearm - innervated by anterior interosseous, branch of median)
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12
Q

What forms the proximal (or superior) radioulnar joint?

A

Radius, Ulna and Annular ligament

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13
Q

What type of joint are the radioulnar joints?

A

Synovial pivot joints

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14
Q

What does the articular disc of the wrist do?

A

Separates ulna from proximal carpal bones of wrist joint (radiocarpal joint)

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15
Q

What actions do the anterior compartment of the forearm muscles do?

A

Wrist flexion
Digit flexion
Pronation

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16
Q

What actions do the posterior compartment of the forearm muscles do?

A

Wrist extension
Digit extension
Supination
Thumb abduction

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17
Q

Which muscles are involved in flexion of the wrist?

A

Anterior compartment of forearm:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
Flexor Carpi Radialis (median nerve)
Palmaris Longus (median nerve)

18
Q

What muscle abducts the wrist?

A

Flexor Carpi Radialis (median nerve)

19
Q

What muscle adducts the wrist?

A

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (ulnar nerve)

20
Q

What are the attachment points for anterior compartment muscles?

A

Tendons of layers 1 + 2 attach to medial epicondyle of humerus

21
Q

What is Golfer’s Elbow?

A

Medial epicondylitis

22
Q

What is Tennis Elbow?

A

Lateral epicondylitis

23
Q

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

Transverse carpal ligament

24
Q

What muscles flex the fingers?

A

Layer 2 anterior compartment: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (up to proximal interphalangeal joints)
Layer 3 anterior compartment: Flexor Digitorum Profundus (to the distal interphalangeal joints)

25
Q

What nerves cause finger flexion?

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (to digits 2-5) + Flexor Digitorum Profundus (to digits 2+3) innervated by the median nerve
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (to digits 4+5) innervated by the ulnar nerve

[Nb. Need to test finger flexion at DIP of 2/3 and 4/5 to test for median and ulnar nerve function]

26
Q

What muscle flexes the thumb?

A

Flexor Pollicis Longus (Layer 3 of anterior forearm - innervated by median nerve)

27
Q

What is the golden rule of innervation to the anterior forearm?

A

Everything median EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus to digits 4 and 5 which are innervated by the ulnar nerve

28
Q

What muscles extend the wrist?

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus + Brevis (Layer 1 of posterior forearm - innervated by deep branch of radial nerve)
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Layer 1 of posterior forearm - innervated by deep branch of radial nerve)

29
Q

Where is the origin of the muscles of layer 1 of posterior forearm?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (except ECRL and Anconeus)

ECRL = supracondylar ridge

30
Q

What muscles abduct the wrist?

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus + Brevis (Layer 1 of posterior forearm - innervated by deep branch of radial nerve)

31
Q

What muscle adducts the wrist?

A

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Layer 1 of posterior forearm - innervated by deep branch of radial nerve)

32
Q

What muscles extend the fingers?

A 
Extensor Digitorum (Layer 1 of posterior forearm - innervated by deep branch of radial nerve) 
Extensor Digitorum Minimi (Layer 1 of posterior forearm - innervated by deep branch of radial nerve) - to 5th digit only 
Extensor Indicis (Layer 2 of posterior forearm - innervated by posterior interosseous, branch of radial nerve) - to PIP of index finger only
33
Q

What muscles extend the thumb?

A

Extensor Pollicis Brevis (Layer 2 of posterior forearm - innervated by posterior interosseus branch of radial nerve) - to MCP only
Extensor Pollicis Longus (Layer 2 of posterior forearm - innervated by posterior interosseus branch of radial nerve) - to all joints

34
Q

What muscles abducts the thumb?

A

Abductor Pollicis Longus (Layer 2 of posterior forearm - innervated by posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve)

35
Q

What is affected in De Quervains Tenosynovitis?

A

Compartment 1 of wrist (containing abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis)

36
Q

What can be affected in Compartment 3 of the wrist?

A

Extensor Pollicis Longus - can wear on the dorsal radial tubercle and rupture

37
Q

What can be affected in Compartment 6 of the wrist?

A

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris - can wear on the ulnar styloid process and rupture

38
Q

What is the contents of Compartment 2 of the wrist?

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus + Brevis

39
Q

What is the contents of Compartment 4 of the wrist?

A

Extensor Digitorum

Extensor Indicis

40
Q

What is the contents of Compartment 5 of the wrist?

A

Extensor Digitorum Minimi

41
Q

What are the actions of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

Elbow flexion

Moves forearm to mid pronation/ supination

42
Q

What forms the borders of the cubital fossa?

A 
Lateral = brachioradialis 
Medial = pronator teres
Superior = inter-epicondylar line 
Roof = aponeurosis of biceps

Block 4: Anatomy + Physiology (12 decks)

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