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PTA 220- Elbow and Forearm > Elbow & Forearm > Flashcards

Elbow & Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

What joints make up the elbow?

A

Humeroulnar Joint and Humeroradial Joint

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2
Q

What type of joint is the Humeroulnar Joint?

A

Uniaxial, Hinge Joint

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3
Q

Which joint is motion actually occuring in the elbow?

A

Humeroulnar Joint

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4
Q

Which joint is for stability at the elbow?

A

Humeroradial Joint

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5
Q

What is the end feel on full extension of the Humeroulnar Joint?

A

Bony/Hard, because of olecranon process of ulna that moves into the olecranon fossa of the humerus, limiting further motion

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6
Q

What articulates at the Humeroradial Joint?

A

The capitulum articulates with the head of the humerus

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7
Q

What is the end feel on full flexion of the humeroradial joint?

A

Soft/Springy, because biceps & brachialis meet forearm and limits further motion

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8
Q

What type of joint is the Radioulnar Joint?

A

Uniaxial or Pivot Joint

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9
Q

Proximal Radioulnar Joint is located where?

A

At the proximal end, the head of the radius pivots within the radial notch of the ulna

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10
Q

Distal Radioulnar Joint is located where?

A

At the distal end; the distal end of the radius rotates around the distal end of the ulna

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11
Q

Radioulnar Joint allows only what motion?

A

Supination or Pronation

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12
Q

What plane and axis pronation/supination occuring?

A

Transverse plane/ Vertical Axis

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13
Q

Which bone is stationary during pronation/supination?

A

Ulna; the radius moves around the ulna which is locked in place by its bony shape at the proximal end

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14
Q

A muscle must attach where, to be able to pronate or supinate the forearm?

A

Radius

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15
Q

What is the plane and axis for flexion/extension of the elbow?

A

Sagittal Plane/ Anterior Posterior Axis

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16
Q

What is the ROM for full flexion?

A

5-0-145*

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17
Q

What is valgus?

A

Elbows bending outward

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18
Q

What plane and axis is valgus?

A

Frontal Plane/ Medial Lateral Axis

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19
Q

What is the function for normal cubital valgus?

A

to keep a carrying object away from the body, i.e. carrying a spider, carrying the trash

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20
Q

What is the normal carrying angle for women?

A

10-15

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21
Q

What is the normal carrying angle for men?

A

5*

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22
Q

What is varus?

A

elbows bent inward, deviated toward the midline

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23
Q

Arthrokinematics for the Humeroulnar Joint

A

In the open chain elbow flexion, the concave trochlear notch of the proximal ulna slides and rolls anteriorly on the convex trochlea of the humerus
(Posteriorly for elbow extension)

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24
Q

Arthrokinematics for the Humeroradial Joint during flexion

A

concave radial head rolls and slides anteriorly on convex capitulum of humerus

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25
Q

Arthrokinematics for the Humeroradial Joint during pronation/supination

A

the radius spins about its own axis

26
Q

Is the radial head convex or concave?

A

Both

27
Q

Arthrokinematics for Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A

Convex radial head spins within concave radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament

28
Q

Arthrokinematics for Prox. Radioulnar Joint during pronation/supination

A

The radius spins about its own axis in place, in the direction of the moving thumb.
Clockwise-Left hand pronation
Counterclockwise-Right hand pronation

29
Q

Arthrokinematics for Distal Radioulnar Joint

A

During S/P, the distal radioulnar joint rolls and slides in the same direction across the stationary ulna

30
Q

Bony Landmarks of the Scapula and their muscle attachments

A

Coracoid Process- short head of biceps
Supraglenoid Tubercle- long head of biceps
Infraglenoid Tubercle- long head of triceps

31
Q

Bony Landmarks of the Humerus and their muscle attachments

A

Trochlea- articulates with ulna
Coronoid fossa-receives coronoid process of ulna during F/E
Medial Epicondyle-Pronator Teres
Lateral Epicondyle-Anconeus & Supinator
Medial Supracondylar Ridge-anterior lip for brachialis & pronator teres, posterior lip for medial head of triceps
Lateral Supracondylar Ridge- brachioradialus

32
Q

Coronoid Process

A

Brachialis

33
Q

Radial Notch

A

Head of Radius

34
Q

Radial Head

A

?

35
Q

Bicipetal (Radial) Tuberosity

A

Biceps Brachii

36
Q

Elbow Joint Supporting Structures

A

Joint Capsule
Medial (Ulnar) Collateral Ligament
Lateral (Radial) Collateral Ligament
Superficial Olecranon Bursa

37
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Synovial

38
Q

Which portion of the joint capsule limits elbow extension?

A

Anterior portion; during ext anterior is tight while posterior has “slack”

39
Q

Which portion of the joint capsule limits elbow flexion?

A

Posterior portion

40
Q

What does the joint capsule protect during elbow extension?

A

It protects elbow against medial (valgus) and lateral (varus) directed forces

41
Q

What does the Medial (Ulnar) Collateral Ligament do?

A

Provides medial stability and contributes to weight bearing stability
Protects elbow against medial (valgus) directed forces

42
Q

What ligament is subjected to stress during throwing activites?

A

Medial Collateral Ligament (Ulnar Collateral Ligament)

43
Q

What does the Lateral (Radial) Collateral Ligament do?

A

Provides lateral stability and contributes to weight bearing stability
Protects against lateral (varus) directed forces

44
Q

What ligament is subjected to stress during activities such as backhand in tennis?

A

Lateral (Radial) Ligament

45
Q

Superficial Olecranon Bursa

A

Superficial location makes it susceptible to injury and inflammation, it is a shock absorber, you cannot palpate it unless its inflammed

46
Q

Forearm Supporting Structures

A

Annular Ligament
Interosseus Membrane
Articular Disk
Distal Radioulnar Joint Capsule

47
Q

Annular Ligament

A

Holds head of radius against ulna

B/c of constant contact b/w R & U it helps create the pivot (spin) action of this joint ((CW or CCW))

48
Q

Interosseus Membrane

A

Transmits forces proximally through forearms
Provides stability b/w radius & ulna prox and distally
Becomes taut during pronation
Provides more surface area for attachment of forearm and wrist muscles

49
Q

Articular Disk

A

Improves articulation of distal radioulnar joint

Improves radiocarpal articulation

50
Q

Distal Radioulnar Joint Capsule

A

Provides stability to the distal radioulnar joint

Reinforced by palmar & dorsal capsular ligaments

51
Q

Brachialis

A

Strong elbow flexor w/ palm down
Gets supinator out of way
Lies deep to the biceps brachii
No attachment on radius, no role in S/P

52
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

has 2 heads that attach to scapula-allows muscles to assist in shoulder flexion
Forearm supination “corkscrew”
Muscle activity increases when elbow flexion is combined w/ shoulder flexion
Synergistic force couple w/ brachialis

53
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Lateral side of Radius
2 attachments: Humerus, Radius
Elbow Flexion: most effective when elbow is in neutral

54
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

Elbow Extension

Assist shoulder extension bc it crosses GH joint

55
Q

Anconeus

A

Keeps annular ligament from being pinched in olecranon fossa during elbow extension
Assists in stabilizing the elbow in medial-lateral directions
Small MA, low torque producing potential
Not a prime mover in any joint action, assists in elbow ext

56
Q

Pronator Teres

A

Forearm pronator
Elbow Flexion
Works in synergy w/ pronator quadratus
Crosses elbow anteriorly

57
Q

Pronator Quadratus

A

Forearm pronator
Works in synergy w/ pronator teres
Stablizes distal radioulnar joint

58
Q

Supinator

A

Supination
Works in syngergistic force couple w/ biceps brachii
Wraps around elbow joint laterally from posterior surface to anterior surface

59
Q

Nerve Innervation of Brachialis & Biceps Brachii

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

60
Q

Nerve Innervation of Brachioradialis, Triceps Brachii & Supinator

A

Radial Nerve

61
Q

Nerve Innervation of Pronator Teres & Pronator Quadratus

A

Median Nerve

PTA 220- Elbow and Forearm (1 decks)

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