Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK 1 > Elbow > Flashcards

Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional range of the elbow?

A

30-130 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is convex and what is concave in the Humeroulnar Joint?

A

Convex trochlea of the humerus

Concave trochlear notch on ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the ulna move during extension? Why?

A

Laterally

Due to the articular groove and the distal medial aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a normal carrying angle?

A

5-15 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In closed chain exercise, does the radius or the ulna get the most WB? How much? Why?

A

Radius
60-70%
Has the most congruency at the wrist region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What provides stability for the humeroulnar joint?

A

Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
-Anterior band: biggest stabilizer against valgus force
-Posterior band: stabilizer against valgus force past 90 degrees of flexion
-Oblique Band
Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Resting Position of the Humeroulnar Joint

A

70 degrees flexion

10 degrees supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Close Packed Position of the Humeroulnar Joint

A

Full extension

Full supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Capsular Pattern of the Humeroulnar Joint

A

More limitation in flexion than extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is convex and concave in the humeroradial joint?

A

Convex: capitulum of the humerus
Concave: head of the radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What provides the stability for the humeroradial joint?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three parts of the lateral collateral ligament of the humeroradial joint?

A

Radial collateral ligament
Lateral ulnar collateral ligament (humerus to ulna)
Annular ligament (around radial head to ulna)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Resting Position of the Humeroradial Joint

A

Full extension

Forearm supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Closed Packed Position of the Humeroradial Joint

A

90 degrees elbow flexion

5 degrees supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Capsular Pattern of the Humeroradial Joint

A

Flexion > extension

Equal limitation of supination and pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is convex and concave in the Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A

Convex: radial head held by the annular ring
Concave: radial notch of the ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What provides the stability for the Proximal Radioulnar Joint?

A

Annular ligament
Interosseus membrane
Quadrate ligament
Oblique cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Resting Position for the Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A

70 degrees flexion

35 degrees forearm supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Closed Packed Position for the Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A

5 degrees of forearm supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Capsular Pattern for the Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A

Pronation = supination
Minimal to no loss of motion
Pain at the end ranges of pronation and supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is convex and concave in the Distal Radioulnar Joint?

A

Convex: ulnar head
Concave: ulnar notch of the radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What provides the stability for the Distal Radioulnar Joint?

A

Interosseus membrane
Articular disc
Anterior radioulnar ligament
Posterior radioulnar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Close Packed Position of the Distal Radioulnar Joint

A

5 degrees supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Loose Packed Position of the Distal Radioulnar Joint

A

10 degrees supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Capsular Pattern Position of the Distal Radioulnar Joint

A

Pronation = supination
Full ROM
Pain at extreme ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ulnar abduction occurs with….

A

Pronation

Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ulnar adduction occurs with…

A

Supination

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ulnar Nerve’s area of entrapment

A

Wraps around posterior to elbow at ulnar groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is the Ulnar Nerve the most stressed?

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The Median Nerve can go through which muscle?

A

Pronator teres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When is the Median Nerve the most stressed?

A

Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Radial Nerve can go through which muscle?

A

Supinator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cubitus valgus

A

Excessive angulation of the carrying angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cubitus Valgus stresses…

A

MCL

Ulnar N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cubitus varus

A

Decreased carrying angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cubitus Varus stresses…

A

LCL

Radial N

37
Q

Epicondylitis

A

Inflammation of the epicondyle

Has fallen out of favor due to lack of evidence that these tissues become inflamed

38
Q

Epicondylagia

A

Preferred to lack of inflammatory condition

Histological degeneration similar to that of the RC

39
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis Pathology

A

“Tennis Elbow”
4-7 times more common than medial epicondylitis
Tendinitis of wrist extensor at common origin on lateral epicondyle
EDC, ECRB involved

40
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis History

A

Repetitive wrist extension and/or grasp
Dull ache at rest, sharp pain at lateral epicondyle with lifting
Acute: recognizable mechanisms with acute pain, occasional bruising, and feeling of “giving away”
Chronic: associated with gradual onset

41
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis Examination

A

Pain with resisted wrist extension
Tenderness over lateral epicondyle
Elbow extension, forearm pronation, wrist flexion

42
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis Intervention

A

Radial head mobility
Soft tissue mobilization
Ergonomic assessment

43
Q

Deep Friction Massage

A

Reduce pain and promote tissue healing
Promote hyperemia and collagen realignment
Reduce scar formation

Perpendicular to tissue fibers
5-10 min

44
Q

Medial Epicondylitis Pathology

A

“Golfer’s Elbow”
Tendinitis of wrist flexors at common origin on med epicondyle
FCR and Pronator teres

45
Q

Medial Epicondylitis History and Examination

A

Gradual Onset
Repetitive wrist flexion
Dull ache at rest, sharp pain at medial epicondyle with lifting
Pain with resisted wrist flexion and/or pronation
Tenderness over medial epicondyle
Elbow extension, forearm supination, wrist extension

46
Q

Medial Epicondylitis Intervention

A

Biomechanics assessment
Joint mobility
Activity modifications
Modalities

47
Q

Little Leaguer’s Elbow

A

Epiphysitis of medial epicondyle

48
Q

Little Leaguer’s Elbow History and Examination

A 
Pain or tenderness of medial epicondyle
Gradual onset
History of forceful pronation
Loss of full extension
Pain with resisted flexion
49
Q

Little Leaguer’s Elbow Intervention

A

Decrease inflammation
Gentle ROM
May immobilize
Throwing technique

50
Q

Panner Disease

A

Begins as degeneration or necrosis of capitulum and followed by regeneration, decalcification
Ages 7-12
Non-traumatic, self-limiting

51
Q

Panner Disease Examination

A

Acute onset, no locking/catching in elbow
Dull lateral ache of elbow
Possible swelling
Loss 5-20 degrees extension

52
Q

Panner Disease Intervention

A

Rest
Avoid valgus stress
Symptomatic splinting
Healing may require up to 3 years

53
Q

Osteochondritis Dissecans Pathology

A

Possibly arterial injury with subsequent bone necrosis results in increased radiohumeral lateral compression forces
Causes: ischemia, trauma, genetic predisposition
High risk: adolescent boy baseball pitchers and adolescent girl gymnasts

54
Q

Osteochondritis Dissecans History and Examination

A 
Gradual onset
Trauma, changes in circulation
Diffuse pain lateral or anterior elbow
Limited AROM and PROM extension
Clicking/locking
Pain increased with supination and pronation
55
Q

Osteochondritis Dissecans Intervention

A

Rest from stress
Emphasize biceps/triceps strength and muscle balance
Possible motion-limiting brace
Full activity at 6 months
Possible surgery if loose bodies, fracture or articular cartilage
Long term: loss extension, large radial heads, degenerative changes

56
Q

Olecranon Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the olecranon bursa

57
Q

Olecranon Bursitis History and Examination

A 
Continuous pressure on olecranon
Direct trauma or repetitive grazing
Obvious swelling posterior elbow
Limited ROM
Pain to palpation of bursa
58
Q

Olecranon Bursitis Intervention

A

RICE
Padding
Iontophoresis

59
Q

Arthritis

A

Most common: RA
Joint swelling
Differentiate from bursitis (lab tests)

60
Q

Arthritis Intervention

A

Pain control
Joint mobilization
Low-load strengthening
Biomechanics

61
Q

Biceps Tendon Rupture

A

Disruption of biceps from attachment (usually distal)

62
Q

Biceps Tendon Rupture History and Examination

A 
Quick, forceful biceps contraction
Trauma
Usually occurs in males in 5th decade
Pain at area of biceps
Discontinuity of biceps with bulge
Loss of elbow flexion and supination strength
Ecchymosis in antecubital fossa
63
Q

Biceps Tendon Rupture Intervention

A

May need surgical intervention

  • May require palmaris longs or semitendinosus graft
  • Posterior splint at 90 degrees 1-2 weeks
  • Full ROM at post-op week 4
  • Unrestricted activity 8 weeks
64
Q

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

A

Ulnar nerve compression distal to the medial epicondyle
Repetitive motion increases inflammation that inhibits normal gliding of the nerve
Traction forces caused by elbow flexion contribute to compression

65
Q

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome History and Examination

A 
Paresthesia radiating to dorsal 4th and 5th digits
Trauma
Pain or paresthesias worse at night
Decreased sensation in ulnar distribution of hand
Weak pinch grasp
Claw hand
Neurodynamics
Rule out cervical
66
Q

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Intervention

A 
Relative rest
Splinting
Joint mechanics
Elbow pad
Stretch FCU
67
Q

Pronator Teres Syndrome

A

Median nerve compression at pronator teres

68
Q

Pronator Teres History and Examination

A

Paresthesia in thumb, index finger, middle finger aggravated with activity
Pain volar aspect of forearm
Not nocturnal
Possible dislocation
Weakness in muscles of forearm innervated by median N
Pain reproduced with pressure at pronator teres with resistance against pronation, elbow flexion and wrist flexion
Rule out cervical spine

69
Q

Pronator Teres Syndrome Intervention

A

Relative rest
Splinting
Joint mechanics
Stretch pronator teres

70
Q

Radial Nerve Entrapment

A

Most frequently injured nerve associated with humeral fractures

71
Q

Radial Tunnel Syndrome

A

Radial nerve compression at the elbow

72
Q

Posterior Interosseus Syndrome

A

Radial nerve compression at arcade of Frohse

73
Q

Radial Tunnel Syndrome History and Examination

A 
Pain over lateral humeral epicondyle
Tender radial head
Numb radial head
Trauma
Resisted middle finger extension reproduces pain
No motor loss
74
Q

Posterior Interosseus Syndrome History and Examination

A 
Tender to palpation distal from lateral epicondyle
Trauma
History old lateral epicondylitis
Symptoms with resisted wrist extension
Unable to extend thumb or fingers at MCP
No sensation loss
75
Q

Radial Nerve Entrapment Intervention

A

Relative rest
Splinting
Joint mechanics
Activity modification

76
Q

Subluxation of radial head

A

Annular ligament is torn when arm extended and pronated

Torn surface slips into radiohumeral joint and gets trapped

77
Q

Posterior dislocation

A

Ulna and radius are displaced posterior to the humerus
Caused by fall on outstretched hand with elbow extended
Rapid edema usual
Nerve injuries common
Splinting or surgical intervention
Outcomes: lack extension ROM, weakness

78
Q

MCL Instability

A

Posttrauma (FOOSH)
Overuse: rapid/forceful extension, valgus stress, forceful pronation
Overhead athletes and pitchers

79
Q

MCL Instability Examination

A

May be confounded by muscle strain, inflammation, tendinsosis
Medial elbow pain
“Pop” at time ligament rupture
Tender at ulnar insertion ligament 2 cm distal of epicondyle
Gradual onset of pain aggravated by throwing or pain following episode with inability to complete maximal effort
Valgus stress test
Instability worse in pronation

80
Q

MCL Rupture Intervention

A 
Without surgery: 
-Immobilization
-Activity modification
Surgical:
-Repair vs reconstruction
-Recovery longer than 26 weeks
-Return sport for elite athletes ~12 months
81
Q

Extension Valgus Overload Syndrome

A

Compression of the olecranon against the humerus with a valgus stress

82
Q

Extension Valgus Overload Syndrome Examination

A

Flexion contracture and painful active extension

Posterior pain with passive elbow pronation, valgus, extension

83
Q

Extension Valgus Overload Syndrome Intervention

A

Rest
NSAIDs
Correct throwing mechanics
Eccentric strength of elbow flexors

84
Q

Radial head fracture

A

Adults
From a fall
Start active motion within 7-10 days since immobilization can lead to permanent loss of motion

85
Q

Olecranon fracture

A

Avulsion
Fall onto elbow, outstretched hand or strong triceps contraction
ORIF

86
Q

Intercondylar fracture

A

Wedge fracture of humerus associated with a lot of tissue swelling and damage

87
Q

Supracondylar fracture

A

Children
Hyperextension or fall on flexed elbow
Humeral fragment displaced posteriorly and can injure muscles, arteries and nerves

88
Q

Fracture Intervention

A

Dependent on stability of joint
Dependent on physician’s protocol
Dependent on patient’s functional needs
Usually addresses ROM, strength, tissue flexibility and joint mobility

MSK 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions