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NYCC Extremities Tech II > Elbow > Flashcards

Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three joints of the elbow?

A

Ulnohumeral
Radio humeral
Radioulnar

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2
Q

What are the ROM patterns of the elbow joint in degrees?

A

Flexion = 160
Extension = 5
Supination = 90
Pronation = 90

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3
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pivot (trochoid)

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4
Q

What joints does flexion and extension of the elbow occur at?

A

Ulnohumeral and radiohumeral

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5
Q

What joints does supination and pronation of the elbow occur at?

A

Radiohumeral and proximal radioulnar

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6
Q

What does the head of the radius articular with?

A

Capitulum of the humerus

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7
Q

What does the olecranon process of the ulna articulate with?

A

Olecranon fossa of the humerus

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8
Q

What does the coronoid process of the ulna articulate with?

A

Coronoid fossa of the humerus

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9
Q

During pronation the radius ______________________________?

A

Crosses over the ulna

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10
Q

What is the most common elbow fracture in adults?

A

Radial head

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11
Q

The coronoid process is part of what bone in the extremities?

A

Ulna

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12
Q

The coronoid process is part of what bone in the axial skeleton?

A

Mandible

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13
Q

The coracoid process is part of what bone?

A

Scapula

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14
Q

What is the primary mechanism of a radial head fracture?

A

FOOSH with arm supinated

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15
Q

The radius is longer than the ulna especially in the ____________________ position?

A

Supinated

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16
Q

What is a radial head dislocation commonly known as?

A

Nursemaid’s elbow

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17
Q

What age group does a radial head dislocation or nursemaid’s elbow occur in?

A

36926

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18
Q

What is the MOI for a radial head dislocation?

A

Sudden long axis traction to the arm causing the radial head to slip out of the annular ligament

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19
Q

What is the function of the annular ligament?

A

Holds the radial head in place during pronation

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20
Q

How is a radial head dislocation diagnosed?

A

Based on history and exam (NO IMAGING NEEDED)

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21
Q

How is a radial head dislocation or nursemaid’s elbow treated?

A

Reduction with flexion and supination

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22
Q

What characterizes olecranon bursitis?

A

Posterior elbow swelling and tenderness with a palpable, large bursa

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23
Q

What causes an aseptic olecranon bursitis?

A

Acute trauma or chronic repeated trauma

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24
Q

Aseptic olecranon bursitis is most commonly caused by (Acute/Repetitive Chronic) trauma?

A

Repetitive Chronic

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25
Q

What causes a septic olecranon bursitis?

A

Infection from hematogenous spread or direct inoculation

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26
Q

What pathology besides infection can cause olecranon bursitis?

A

Gout

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27
Q

If a patient has stiffness at the lateral elbow what joint(s) is/are likely affected?

A

Radiohumeral joint

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28
Q

If a patient has stiffness at the medial elbow what joint(s) is/are likely affected?

A

Ulnohumeral joint

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29
Q

If a patient has stiffness at the anterior elbow what joint(s) is/are likely affected?

A

Radiohumeral and ulnohumeral joints

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30
Q

If a patient has stiffness during supination and pronation of the elbow what joint(s) is/are likely affected?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

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31
Q

What motions does the proximal radioulnar joint assist with at the elbow?

A

Pronation and supination

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32
Q

What motions do the radiohumeral and ulnohumeral joints assist with at the elbow?

A

Flexion and extension

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33
Q

What muscle tendon is most commonly affected in lateral epicondylitis?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

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34
Q

What is the MOI of lateral epicondylitis?

A

Repetitive wrist extension or repetitive power grip with hand

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35
Q

What will be evident on physical examination with a patient who has lateral epicondylitis?

A

Tenderness on palpation at the lateral epicondyle

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36
Q

What two orthopedic tests are positive for lateral epicondylitis?

A

Cozen’s and Mills

37
Q

Where is the insertion of the common flexor tendon in the arm?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

38
Q

Where is the insertion of the common extensor tendon in the arm?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

39
Q

Medial epicondylitis involves the (Flexor/Extensor) compartment in the arm?

A

Flexor

40
Q

Lateral epicondylitis involves the (Flexor/Extensor) compartment in the arm?

A

Extensor

41
Q

What two muscles are most commonly involved in medial epicondylitis?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and pronator teres

42
Q

What orthopedic test is used to test for medial epicondylitis?

A

Golfer’s elbow test

43
Q

What is the second most common entrapment neuropathy?

A

Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

44
Q

Where is the ulnar nerve vulnerable to compression?

A

Ulnar groove
Cubital tunnel
Canal of Guyon

45
Q

What nerve runs in the cubital fossa?

A

Median nerve

46
Q

What nerve runs in the cubital tunnel?

A

Ulnar nerve

47
Q

What forms the roof of the cubital tunnel?

A

Aponeurosis arch of FCU

48
Q

What forms the floor of the cubital tunnel?

A

Medial elbow ligament

49
Q

What forms the sides of the cubital tunnel?

A

Two heads of FCU

50
Q

What is the most common cause of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow?

A

Idiopathic

51
Q

What infections are most likely to cause hematogenous spread of bacteria

A

Skin or UTIs

52
Q

A patient has numbness in the anterior and posterior aspects of the fifth and medial half of the fourth digits. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Ulnar neuropathy at the ulnar groove or cubital tunnel

53
Q

What is the distribution of the ulnar nerve in the hand?

A

Anterior medial palm, dorsomedial hand, anterior and posterior aspects of the fifth digit and medial half of the fourth digit

54
Q

A patient with ulnar neuropathy on just the anterior side of the hand likely has compression where?

A

Canal of Guyon

55
Q

A patient with ulnar neuropathy on the anterior and posterior side of the hand likely has compression where?

A

Cubital tunnel

56
Q

What movement may aggravate ulnar neuropathy compression in the elbow?

A

Elbow flexion

57
Q

What action may be clumsy or weak in a patient with ulnar neuropathy compression in the elbow?

A

Power grip

58
Q

What muscles will be atrophied in a patient with long-standing ulnar neuropathy?

A

Interossei and hypothenar muscles

59
Q

What interossei muscle is most commonly atrophied in a patient with long-standing ulnar neuropathy?

A

First dorsal interosseous (dorsal thumb web)

60
Q

What muscles in the hand are innervated by the median nerve?

A

Lateral lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis longus

LOAF

61
Q

What causes an ulnar claw hand deformity?

A

Weakness of the interossei and lumbricals at the 4th/5th digits

62
Q

What nerve innervates the medial two lumbricals?

A

Ulnar nerve

63
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral two lumbricals?

A

Median nerve

64
Q

Most of your differential diagnoses come from the patient __________________?

A

History

65
Q

What muscles in the forearm and hand are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus for the 4th/5th digits
Dorsal and palmar interossei
Adductor pollicis
Abductor digiti minimi

66
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus (4/5th) are only affected in severe cases of ulnar neuropathy (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

t

67
Q

What nerve root may be affected if the medial hand is experiencing numbness?

A

C8

68
Q

What orthopedic tests can be used to test for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow?

A

Tinel tap
Ulnar flexion maneuver

69
Q

What is a positive result for a Tinel tap test for the ulnar nerve at the elbow?

A

Sustained paresthesia in the sensory distribution of the ulnar nerve

70
Q

What is a positive result for an ulnar flexion maneuver at the elbow?

A

Sustained paresthesia in the sensory distribution of the ulnar nerve

71
Q

What is the dermatomal distribution for a C8 MRS?

A

4th and 5th digit and medial hand/forearm

72
Q

What nerve innervates the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus in the hand?

A

Median nerve

73
Q

What is the primary reflex for a C8 MRS?

A

NONE

74
Q

What is the secondary reflex for a C8 MRS?

A

Brachioradialis

75
Q

Repetitive wrist flexion results in (Medial/Lateral) epicondylitis?

A

Medial

76
Q

What is the muscle group tested for a C8 MRS?

A

Finger flexors 2-5th digits

77
Q

What is the dermatomal sensory distribution for a T1 MRS?

A

Medial arm

78
Q

What is the reflex for a T1 MRS?

A

NONE

79
Q

What is the muscle group tested for a T1 MRS?

A

Interossei

80
Q

What orthopedic tests are used to test for cervical radiculopathy?

A

Cervical foraminal compression
Cervical distraction
Shoulder depression test

81
Q

What is a positive result for a cervical foraminal compression test?

A

Cervical radiculopathy

82
Q

What is the interpretation of a positive cervical distraction test if the patient receives relief of pain during the test?

A

Cervical radiculopathy

83
Q

What is the interpretation of a positive cervical distraction test if the patient has increased pain during a test?

A

Nerve root adhesion

84
Q

What is the interpretation of a cervical distraction test if the patient has increased localized pain in the neck?

A

Negative with capsular inflammation

85
Q

What is a positive result for a shoulder distraction test?

A

Cervical radiculopathy

86
Q

What diagnostic test can be performed for radiculopathy if diagnosis is uncertain?

A

Electrodiagnostic testing

87
Q

What is the most common entrapment neuropathy?

A

Median nerve at the carpal tunnel

88
Q

What imaging can be performed to rule out other conditions besides radiculopathy?

A

Radiograph or MRI

NYCC Extremities Tech II (7 decks)

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