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OCS - Current Concepts of Ortho PT > Elbow > Flashcards

Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Trochoginglymoid (combo hinge and pivot)

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2
Q

What percentage of elbow stability comes from the bone structure?

A

50%

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3
Q

Anterior elbow symptoms suggest which conditions?

A

Ant capsule sprain, distal biceps tendon issues, dislocation, pronator syndrome (primarily throwers)

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4
Q

Medial elbow symptoms suggest which conditions?

A

MET (medial elbow tendinopathy), UCL sprain, ulnar nerve injury, flexor-pronator muscle injury, fx, Little League elbow (in young), valgus extension overload

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5
Q

Posteromedial elbow symptoms suggest which conditions?

A

Olecranon tip stress fx, posterior impingement (throwers), trochlea chondromalacia

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6
Q

Posterior elbow symptoms suggest which conditions?

A

Olecranon bursitis, olecranon process stress fx, triceps tendinopathy

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7
Q

Lateral elbow symptoms suggest which conditions?

A

Capitulum fx, LET, RCL sprain, osteochondral degenerative changes, osteochondritis dessecans (Panners disease), posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial head fx, radial tunnel syndrome, synovitis

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8
Q

Forearm symptoms suggest which conditions?

A

W/ gradual onset can include radius or ulna stress fx, radial tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, and brachialis tendinopathy

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9
Q

Pronator teres syndrome

A

Compression of median nerve by pronator teres

Symptoms: - Tenderness over PT muscle and pain with resisted pronation of the forearm
- Weakness could be present with abduction of the thumb as well as impairment to the pincer muscles
- Sensation changes may also be experienced in the first three fingers and the palm

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10
Q

Difference between Panners disease and OCD?

A

Panner disease occurs in school-age children (7-12 y.o.) as opposed to adolescents (10-20 y.o.) and does not produce a loose foreign body

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11
Q

Panner’s Disease

A

Young boys younger than 10 y/o

  • Bone growth disorder (osteochondrosis) of the humeral capitellum
  • Lateral elbow pain, stiffness, decreased ROM (especially EXTENSION)
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12
Q

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)

A

Young throwers (ages 12-14 y.o.)

  • Inflammatory pathology of bone and cartilage. This can result in localized necrosis and fragmentation of bone and cartilage
  • Lateral elbow pain, stiffness, popping, giving way, locking, instability, swelling
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13
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion symptoms

A
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Fasciculations (muscle twitching)
  • Diminished DTR
  • Decreased tone
  • Negative Babinski
  • Flaccid paralysis
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14
Q

Pancoast syndrome

A

Malignant neuoplasm of the superior sulcus of the lung
- Ipsilat shoulder/arm/hand pain
- Weakness and atrophy of the thenar eminence
- Horners syndrome (partial ptosis (drooping or falling of upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and facial anhidrosis (loss of sweating

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15
Q

Normal carrying angle:
Men
Women

A

Men: 11-14°
Women: 13-16°

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16
Q

Colles vs smiths fx

A

Colles is wrist extended, smiths is with wrist flexed

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17
Q

POLICE meaning

A

Protection
Optimal Loading
Ice
Compression
Elevation

Used to initially manage acute conditions

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18
Q

Only highly recommended special tests for the elbow (2)

A

Tinel, Elbow flexion tests for cubital tunnel syndrome

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19
Q

Cubital tunnel is formed between the 2 heads of which muscle?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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20
Q

Elbow flexion test:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar nerve)
+ = for new or worsening paresthesias

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21
Q

Pressure provocation test:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar nerve)

Compresses ulnar nerve in elbow flexion test position for 30”

+ = N/T in 4-5th digits

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22
Q

Tinels sign:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar nerve)

+ = Tingling or electrical sensations to 4-5th digits

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23
Q

Scratch Collapse test:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar nerve)

+ = Loss of ER tone on affected side after “scratching” the cubital tunnel

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24
Q

Crossed finger test:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar nerve)

+ = inability to cross middle finger over index

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25
Q

Shoulder internal rotation test:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar nerve)

+ = any symptoms attributable to cubital tunnel syndrome occurs within 10”

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26
Q

Chair sign:
- Tests for?
- + result

A

Posterolateral rotary instability of elbow (PLRI)

+ = apprehension to push up

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27
Q

Special tests for cubital tunnel syndrome (6)

A

1) Elbow flexion
2) Pressure Provocation
3) Tinel sign
4) Scratch collapse
5) Crossed finger
6) Shoulder IR

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28
Q

PLRI stands for?

A

Posterior lateral rotary instability of the elbow

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29
Q

Special tests for PLRI (3)

A

1) Chair sign
2) Push-up sign
3) Table-top relocation

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30
Q

Special tests for UCL injury (3)

A

1) Valgus stress test
2) Milking maneuver (anterior band of UCL aka AUCL)
3) Moving valgus stress (chronic)

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31
Q

Special tests for Medial elbow tendinopathy (MET) (2)

A

1) Passive medial elbow tendinopathy (pain w/ PROM supination and wrist extension)
2) Active wrist flexion against resistance (MMT wrist flex)

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32
Q

LET stands for?

A

Lateral elbow tendinopathy

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33
Q

Special tests for lateral elbow tendinopathy LETS (3)

A

1) Cozen
2) Maudsley
3) Mill

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34
Q

Distal biceps tendon rupture is assessed with which special test

A

Biceps squeeze test (good - LR)

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35
Q

T/F: Inflammation is the cause of medial and lateral epicondylitis

A

False

They are often NOT inflammatory conditions and lack prostaglandin-mediated inflammation

Thought to be more degenerative conditions that likely involve both peripheral and CNS pathways

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36
Q

3 Etiologies of tendinopathy in the elbow

A

1) Vascular: focal areas of vascular compromise

2) Mechanical: Repetitive loading causes microscopic degeneration, fibroplasia, and eventually scar tissue

3) Neural modulation: Results from neurally-mediated mast cell degranulation and release of substance P

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37
Q

In terms of function, tendons can be classified as what 2 categories?

A

1) Positional (responsible for exact movements)

2) Energy-storing (locomotion and ballistic performance)

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38
Q

Progression of loading the tendons that are injured (resistance)

A

1) Isometrics (10” x 24 reps OR 40” x 6 reps)

2) Heavy, slow-motion resistance training

3) Endurance training to sustain compression loads (friction over the tendon and heavy stretching)

4) Introducing speed first and then energy-storying loads (plyometrics)

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39
Q

T/F: In LET conditions you don’t need to look at c-spine and shoulder

A

False

To rule out use isometric wrist ext

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40
Q

Self-reported outcome measure for LET

A

Patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation (PRTEE)

Valid/reliable/sensitive

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41
Q

What nerve is commonly compressed at the arcade of Frohse

A

Posterior interosseous nerve

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42
Q

Standard of care for LETs includes:

A

1) NSAIDs
2) Cross friction massage
3) Electrical and thermal modalities
4) Therapeutic exercise
5) Bracing
6) Rest

NOTE: most studies are inconclusive as to the effectiveness of PT using the above interventions

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43
Q

Evidence for use of joint mobilization in LET treatment

A

Convincing substantiation show mobs can decrease pain and increased functional grip scores

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44
Q

Evidence for use of TFM in LET treatment

A

No sufficient evidence
Low-level benefits in later stages

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45
Q

Evidence for use of eccentric exercise in LET treatment

A

Limited but does suggest it is effective (more vs concentric with reducing pain and increasing strength)

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46
Q

Dosing of eccentric exercise in LET treatment

A

3 x 15 reps, 30” rest between sets

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47
Q

Evidence for use of electrophysical agents (US, ionto, pulsed electromagnetic field) in LET treatment

A

Little to NO evidence

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48
Q

Evidence for use of shockwave therapy in LET treatment

A

Not effective, less vs corticosteroids

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49
Q

Evidence for use of low-level laser in LET treatment

A

May help with pain in short-term vs placebo

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50
Q

LET treatment: stretching progression (jts)

A

Wrist (flex/ext), elbow (flex/ext), forearm (sup/pro)

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51
Q

LET treatment: strengthening progression (jts)

A

Wrist (ext/flex), Forearm (pro/sup), elbow (flex/ext)

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52
Q

Evidence for use of corticosteroid injections in LET treatment

A

High success rates for 6-8wks BUT then high recurrent rates and protracted recovery for long term

aka NOT good for long-term

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53
Q

Evidence for surgical intervention in LET management

A

Reserved for those who fail conservative tx

Evidence is insufficient effectiveness of surgery

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54
Q

How long post-op lateral epicondylar release can you start AROM and strengthening?

A

AROM: 2 wks, prior to that PROM of elbow

Strengthening: 3 wks, start w/ isometrics

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55
Q

Upcoming tx for LET and MET

A

PRP, Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), collagen-producing cell injection

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56
Q

Bicipital tendinopathy is common in what population and age?

A

Athletic individuals >35 y/o

d/t repetitive hyperext of the elbow w/ pronation OR repetitive flex combined w/ stressful sup/pro

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57
Q

Bicipital tendinopathy symptoms

A

Pain over radial tuberosity, pain w/ elbow flex and supination (MMT)

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58
Q

Rehab of Bicipital tendinopathy includes 4 phases:

A

1) Rest
2) Stretching (scap mms, RTC, post GH jt capsule)
3) Eccentric strengthening of elbow flex and sup
4) Progressive return to sport or work

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59
Q

When does a distal bicep tear become chronic?

A

After 4 wks

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60
Q

Is early detection and intervention of distal bicep tear important?

A

Yes, delayed diagnosis may preclude primary repair and lead to chronic weakness

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61
Q

Common demographics for distal bicep tear

A

Male, 5th decade of life

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62
Q

Higher moment arm in what positions: Short head of biceps vs long head of biceps

A

SH: neutral and pronated

LH: supinated

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63
Q

Tests for diagnosing distal biceps tear

A

1) Hook test
2) Biceps squeeze test
3) Biceps crease interval test

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64
Q

Hook test for distal bicep tear
- Evidence

A

100% SN/SP, GREAT

Better vs MRI

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65
Q

Biceps squeeze test
- Evidence

A

SN 96%

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66
Q

Biceps crease interval
- Evidence
- positive test

A
  • SN 92%/ SP 100%
  • > 6cm difference
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67
Q

Evidence for surgical repair of distal bicep tear:
- Partial
- Complete

A

Partial: trial conservative first, consider surgery if no improvement in 3-6months
Complete: surgery indicated

68
Q

When can you start extension ROM of elbow post-op distal bicep repair

A

Start @90° flexion and increase by 10° weekly into extension

Start concentric triceps at wk 8

69
Q

When to start isometrics of bicep post-op distal bicep repair

70
Q

Common findings for distal tricep tear

A

Inability to extend the arm overhead, loss of elbow extension strength

71
Q

Non-surgical approach suggests immobilization for how long?

72
Q

Known protocol for distal triceps repair (post-op)

73
Q

When can someone return to full activities post-distal triceps repair

A

12 weeks approximately

74
Q

3 types of olecranon bursitis

A

1) Aseptic (injury from direct trauma or sustained pressure)
2) Septic (infection)
3) Chronic (can be prolonged repetitive or secondary from comorbidities)

75
Q

Common comorbidities that can cause chronic olecranon bursitis

A

DM, gout, pseudo-gout

76
Q

Common diseases that can contribute to peripheral nerve trunk injury

A

DM, hypothyroidism, hereditary neuropathy, immune deficiency syndromes, RA, alcoholism

77
Q

Nerve injury recovery (in mm) per day
- Proximal segments
- Distal segments

A

Prox: 2-3mm/day
Distal: 1-2mm/day

78
Q

Double crush syndrome

A

Distinct compression at two or more locations along the course of a peripheral nerve that can coexist and synergistically increase symptom intensity

79
Q

How to determine between single and double crush syndrome

A

Neuro exam in COMBO with nerve conduction tests

80
Q

Fundamental sign of entrapment

A

Function loss with or without paresthesia and pain

81
Q

Seddon: Neuropraxia

A

Mildest form of nerve injury

Focal segmental demyelination at the site of injury NO disruption of axon continuity

Sunderland: Grade I

82
Q

Seddon: Axonotmesis

A

Moderate injury

Axon is disrupted in its myelin sheath. The neural tube, which consists of the endoperineurium and epineurium, remains intact

Sunderland: Grades II-IV

83
Q

Seddon: Neurotmesis

A

Most severe PNI

Complete transection of a peripheral nerve.

Sunderland: Grade V

84
Q

Non-operative tx is indicated in nerve entrapment cases with the following criteria:
- Frequency of symptoms
- 2 point discrim
- Atrophy

A
  • Intermittent
  • No change in 2 point
  • No atrophy
85
Q

Focus of non-operative tx of nerve entrapment

A

Avoiding provoking movements or prolonged positions, padding/splinting when needed for protection

86
Q

Claw hand is typical of which PNI?

87
Q

Prescribed exercises for median nerve

A

Thumb opposition, precision grip, digit strength

88
Q

Prescribed exercises for Ulnar nerve

A

Key pinch, power grip, coordination

89
Q

Prescribed exercises for Radial nerve

A

MCP jt extension, thumb abd, wrist ext

90
Q

How to differentiate between CTS and Pronator Syndrome

A

Tinels test at wrist
Provocation through prolonged wrist flexion

Both negative in pronator syndrome

91
Q

What nerve is compressed with abnormal okay sign?

A

Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN)

92
Q

Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) branches from which main nerve?

93
Q

Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) branches from which main nerve?

94
Q

AIN syndrome

A

aka Kiloh-Nevin’s syndrome

Pain in the forearm accompanied commonly by the weakness of the index and thumb finger pincer movement

Isolated palsy of FPL, the index and long fingers of the FDP, and the pronator quadratus muscles of the forearm

95
Q

PIN syndrome

A

Compression of posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial) which innervates the extensor compartment of the forearm

  • Motor loss but NO sensory loss

Weakness in finger and thumb extension

96
Q

Radial Tunnel Syndrome (RTS)

A

Compressive neuropathy of the posterior interosseus nerve (PIN) in the radial tunnel

Pain WITHOUT motor or sensory pathology

JUST tenderness over radial tunnel

97
Q

Tx for cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Activity mod (no excessive elbow flexion), protection (night splits 40-60° flex)

Key for exercises: DON’T reproduce distal nerve symtoms

98
Q

Tx for pronator syndrome

A

Gentle massage along fibers to break adhesions

99
Q

Tx for AIN syndrome

A

Rest, splinting (90° flexion)

100
Q

Tx for PIN syndrome

A

Cock-up splint in COMBO w/ STM and neural glides

Wrist extensor stretching (elbow in full ext) is initiated after a spontaneous recover

101
Q

Tx for radial tunnel syndrom

A

Splinting, avoid provoking positions (elbow ext and sup)

102
Q

Can nerve glides be used as a stand alone tx for PNI?

A

No, must always be used in conjunction with sub/obj findings

103
Q

When is decompression of a PNI warranted?

A

Chronic (3-4 months) AND have muscle atrophy, persistent sensory changes, persistent symptoms

104
Q

Symptoms of elbow instability

A

Hx of recurrent painful clicking, snapping, clunking, or locking of the elbow (in ext/sup)

105
Q

Evidence for non-operative management of UCL tears?

A

Shown not to increase the risk of recurrent instability

106
Q

Tx for non-operative UCL tears

A

After rest and pain control:
- Immediate mobilization of elbow
- Dynamic brace (progressively increasing ext)
- Strengthening: start isometrics and progress

107
Q

Valgus instability (UCL) presentation

A
  • Pain worst in pronation
  • Vague elbow discomfort
  • Clicking and clunking

Typically from outstretched arm fall or throwers

108
Q

Varus instability (RCL) presentation

A
  • Most unstable feeling in supination
  • May be associated tendinopathy

Typically from elbow dislocation, varus elbow stress (deformities), Iatrogenic causes (post-op lat epicondyle tendinopathy surgery)

109
Q

ULC instability will be more painful/unstable in pronation or supination

110
Q

RLC instability will be more painful/unstable in pronation or supination

A

Supination

111
Q

What is the elbow’s most common instability?

A

Posterolateral rotary instability (PLRI)

112
Q

PLRI is typically caused by what injury

A

Fall on outstretched arm
Tear of LUCL

113
Q

Special tests for diagnosis of PLRI

A

1) Lateral pivot-shift (optimal @40° flexion)
2) chair sign
3) push-up test
4) Table-top relocation

114
Q

Which is better for PLRI: non-operative vs operative

A

Nonoperative is often ineffective, mild cases may benefit but most go with surgery

115
Q

Varus posteromedial rotary instability is caused by what MOI?

A

Valgus and axial load is applied with forearm in pronation

Can cause fx to ateromedial fact of coronoid and ruture of RCL

116
Q

What is the most specific/sensitive test for varus posteromedial rotary instability (PMRI)?

A

Gravity-assisted varus stress test

117
Q

Which is better for varus PMRI: non-operative vs operative

A

Non-op for mild cases (small fx of coronoid and NO humeroulnar sublux)

Large fx and sublux = surgery

Expect full ROM by wk 12

118
Q

Posterior elbow impingement is also known as?

A

Pitchers elbow or valgus extension overload

119
Q

Cause of posterior elbow impingement?

A

Typically build up of forces in post-med olecranon causing reactive bone formation (aka osteophytes)

120
Q

Typical hx for posterior elbow impingement

A
  • Hx repetitive throwing or overhead activity
  • Limited elbow extension and locking/catching
  • Crepitus and TTP over posteromedial olecranon
  • Bony end-feel extension
121
Q

Most sensitive test for posterior elbow impingement

A

Moving valgus stress test

122
Q

Location of pain in little league elbow?

A

Medial epicondyle

123
Q

Symptoms of little league elbow

A
  • TTP medial epicondyle
  • Acute motion loss and pain at end-ranges

With apophysitis:
- Recent increase in activity level
- Steady increase in discomfort during throwing and lingering aching

124
Q

Recommendations for tx of little league elbow (non-op)

A

Rest for 2-3wks
No throwing or provoking activity
Total body conditioning

125
Q

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) affects what part of the elbow

A

Capitulum (lateral humerus)

In 10-20 y/o adolescents

126
Q

Stages of Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

A

1) Hyperemic bone, swelling of surrounding soft tissues
2) Epiphysis (end of the bone) deforms, sometimes w/ deformation
3) Necrotic bone replaced by granulation tissue

127
Q

Heterotopic Ossification

A

Bone growth in atypical sites

aka Ectopic ossification or myositis ossificans

128
Q

Typical cause of HO?

A

Direct elbow trauma or surgery

129
Q

Clinical presentation of HO

A
  • Limited A/ROM elbow flex/ext
  • Painful/weak elbow flex/ext
  • End-feels = rigid or abrupt
130
Q

Prophylactic strategies for prevention of HO

A

Low-dose radiation and NSAIDS

131
Q

Aggressiveness of passive elbow exercises in HO cases

A

Slow and progressive

132
Q

Most common direction of elbow dislocations

133
Q

3 classifications of elbow dislocation

A

Anterior, posterior, divergent (U/R apart and disconnected from humerus)

134
Q

Monteggia lesion or fx

A

Fx of prox ulna in combo with radial head dislocation or fx, can have coronoid process fx

135
Q

Bado classification

A

To distinguish 4 types of Monteggia lesions

Type I: Ant disl. of radial head, fx to ulna (common in child/young adults)
Type II: Post disl. radial head, fx to ulna (adults)
Type III: Lat disl. radial head, fx to ulna metaphysis
Type IV: Disl. any direction, fx to ulna & radius

136
Q

Nursemaids elbow

A

Partial displacement of annular ligament in children, from pulling on arm

137
Q

Tx for radial head dislocation

A

Young: closed reduction
Adults: surgery

No need to splint non-operative unless unstable
Early ROM is important

138
Q

Olecranon fracture MOI

A

Fall backward onto elbow

139
Q

Intervention for non-op olecranon fx

A

Must be minimally or undisplaced fx

Goal: Allow triceps function while initiating early ROM
- Avoid extremes of elbow FLEXION for 2 months
- Avoid resistance for 3 months

140
Q

Terrible triad injury of the elbow

A

1) Coronoid fx
2) Olecrenon fx
3) Radial head dislocation (post/lat)

141
Q

Medial epicondyle fx common demographics

A

Adolescents and older children (typically associated with dislocation)

NOT common in adults

142
Q

Which is better for medial epicondyle fx: non-operative vs operative

A

Undiplaced/minimally displaced = treated w/ immobilization

If valgus instability or ulnar nerve entrapment = surgery

143
Q

What is NOT allowed in post-op medial epicondyle fracture repair for 4-6wks?

A

1) Elbow jt mobs
2) Strengthening - wrist flexors or pronators
3) Stretching - wrist flexors or pronators
4) Valgus stress to elbow
5) Lifting > 5#

144
Q

Jakob classification of lateral epicondyle fractures

A

Stage I is non-displaced with an intact articular surface, goes through capitellar ossification center, min displacement (<2mm)

Stage II fracture extends through the articular surface (medial to capitellar ossification center) 2-4mm displacement

Stage III involves complete displacement

145
Q

What stages of lateral epicondyle fractures can be managed non-operatively

A

Stage I and occasionally stage II if pinning is not needed

146
Q

What is compartment syndrome

A

Increased tissue fluid pressure within an osseofascial compartment causing capillary blood perfusion to fall below level necessary for tissue viability

147
Q

Which forearm compartments are at highest risk for developing ACS following trauma

A

Both deep flexor (affected more often) and superficial flexor anterior compartments

148
Q

2 common injuries in UE leading to ACS

A

1) Supracondylar humerus fractures (children)
2) Distal radius fx (adults)

149
Q

Tissue compartment’s normal pressure

150
Q

Capillary blood flow becomes compromised when tissue pressure reaches what level?

A

25-30mmHg

NOTE: can feel pain starting at 20mmHg

151
Q

Signs of ACS

A
  • Pain w/ palpation
  • Swollen/tense compartment w/ pink or red skin
  • Pain w/ passive stretch of muscles in involved compartment
  • Sensory deficits (30min-2hrs after onset)
  • Muscle weakness (2-4hrs after onset)
  • Possible absence of radial/ulnar pulses
152
Q

Signs of Chronic or exertional CS

A
  • Pain and firmness w/ palpation of muscles
  • Pain with passive stretch

Comes on w/ activity and eases w/ rest

153
Q

CRPS symptoms

A
  • Allodynia or hyperaglesia
  • Alterations in sweating, skin color, skin temp, trophic changes in skin/hair/nails
  • Stiffness/swelling
154
Q

Intervention for CRPS should include:

A
  • Cognitive therapy

PT:
- Gentle AAROM

FOLLLOWED by:
- Sensory threshold techniques (vibration, fluidotherapy, light and heavy pressures, TENS, contrast bath)

AROM and strengthening exercises should be as tolerated and progressed slowly. Same for weight bearing and active loading

155
Q

Symptoms of elbow OA:

A

Decreased ROM, stiffness, weakness, instability, decrease in quality of life

156
Q

Capsular pattern of elbow

A

Elbow flexion, elbow extension

157
Q

Non-op tx of elbow OA should consist of:

A

NSAIDs, PT, and cortisone injections

158
Q

Types of joint arthroplasty in elbow (TEA)

A

1) Linked semi-constrained aka sloppy hinge (hinge connecting humeral and ulnar components)

2) Unlinked (independent parts)

159
Q

Post-traumatic stiff elbow is defined as what ROM?

A

<120° elbow flexion

Loss of >30° elbow extension

160
Q

Müller et al compared effectiveness of static, dynamic, and static-progressive splints on elbow stiffness; which which was the best

A

Static-progressive stretching 3x for 30 mins/day in each direction should be first line of tx

(in post-traumatic or post-op situations)

161
Q

Mnemonic for C8-T1 nerve root muscle innervation in hand

A

AbOF the Law

aka above the law that the hand intrensics are all supplied by ulnar nerve

162
Q

AbOF the Law

A

Ab- Abductor pollicis brevis
O- Opponens pollicis
F- Flexor pollicis brevis
Law - Lateral 2 lumbricals

163
Q

Saturday night palsy

A

Compression of radial nerve
“Wrist drop”

164
Q

Martin-gruber anastomosis

A

Connection of median and ulnar nerve in forearm

OCS - Current Concepts of Ortho PT (12 decks)

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