Elbow Flashcards
The elbow is a ____ joint
hinge joint
physis=
growth plate/ epiphyseal line
where bones grow longitudinally and width
metaphysis=
beyond or next to growth plate
epiphysis=
on top of growth plate
diaphysis=
between growth plate
apophysis=
projecting from growth plate
periosteum=
around the bone
endosteum=
inside the bone
What is the source of bone growth, elongation, and width?
the physis/ growth plate
What can cause shortening or distortion of the bone?
damage to the physis/ growth plate during growth
What are the 3 Bs that bend the elbow?
brachioradialis
brachialis
biceps brachii
What branches off of the median cubital vein?
basilic vein
cephalic vein
What structure restrains the radial head allowing axial rotation of the radius?
the annular ligament of the proximal radius
Why doesn’t nursemaid’s elbow occur with supination?
because there is a steep, sharp lip of the radial head anteriorly and in supination the annular ligament cannot slip proximally between the radial head and the Capitulum
Why does nursemaid’s elbow occur with pronation?
in pronation, the rotation of the radial head brings the shallow posterior lip of the radial head anteriorly- allowing the annular ligament to slip between the radial head and the capitulum
What is nursemaid’s elbow?
subluxation of the radial head when the arm is pulled in pronation (axial traction in pronation)
pulled elbow
occurs in children ages 6 months- 4 years (peak 2-3 years)
What is the mechanism of injury in nursemaid’s elbow?
sudden pull on the pronated forearm of the child results in incomplete dislocation of the head of the radius
part of the annular ligament becomes trapped between the radial head and the capitulum
How does the annular ligament of the proximal radius differ in adults than in children?
the annular ligament is funnel-shaped in adults, but its sides are vertical in children
How is nursemaid’s elbow reduced?
firm supination of the elbow to return the radial head back into place
supination +/- flexion, success 80-92%, may be more painful for patient
or
hyperpronation, success 91-97%, perceived as less painful
xrays are often negative
+/- sling for a few days
recurrence 26-39%
What is the fat pad sign?
bleeding into the joint space elevates the fat pad
What are the ossification centers around the elbow joint?
CRITOE Capitellum (2 years) Radial head (4 years) internal/medial epicondyle (6 years) trochiea (8 years) olecranon (10 years) external/lateral epicondyle (12 years)
What are the 4 main fracture sites of the humerus?
surgical neck
mid shaft
supracondylar
medial epicondyle
What nerve runs with the brachial artery?
median nerve
runs above the brachialis muscle
What muscles descend with the radial nerve?
brachialis and brachioradialis
