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AWS - Solutions Architect (associate) > Elastic block store (EBS) > Flashcards

Elastic block store (EBS) Flashcards

1
Q

What i Elastic block store (EBS), and what is it designed for?

A

EBS are storage volumes you can attach your EC2 instances to.

They can be viewed basically as a virtual harddisk where you can install operating systems, applications, data etc. And then you can attach them to your EC2 instance.

  1. It’s designed for mission-critical workloads
  2. It’s automatically replicated within a single availability zones to protect against hardware failures, meaning the “virtual disk” exist in multiple disks in multiple data centers.
  3. It’s very scaleable. You can increase capacity and chance the volume type with no downtime or performance impact to live systems.
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2
Q

What are the EBS volume types and the details about them?

A
  1. General purpose SSD (gp2)
  2. General purpose SSD (gp3)
  3. Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1)
  4. Provisioned IOPS SSD (io2)
  5. Throughput optimized HDD (st1)
  6. Cold HDD (SC1)
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3
Q

What are the stats of General purpose SSD (gp2)?

A
  • 3 IOPS per GiB, up to a maximum of 16,000 IOPS per volume
  • gp2 volumes smaller than 1 TB can burst up to 3,000 IOPS
  • Good for boot volumes or development and test applications that are not latency sensitive.
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4
Q

What are the stats of General purpose SSD (gp3)?

A
  • Predictable 3,000 IOPS baseline performance and 125 MiB/s regardless of volume size
  • Ideal for applications that require high performance at a low cost, such as MySQL, Cassandra, virtual desktops, and Hadoop analytics.
  • Customers looking for higher peformance can scale up to 16,000 IOPS and 1,000 MiB/s for an additional fee.
  • The top performance of gp3 is 4 times faster than max throughput of gp2 volumes.
  • The default use cases for gp2/3 is to inst
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5
Q

What are the stats of Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1)?

A
  • Up to 64,000 IOPS per volume 50 IOPS per GiB.
  • Use it if you need more than 16,000 IOPS
  • Designed for I/O-intensive applications, large database, and latency-sensitive workloads
  • This is the fast, but expensive option
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6
Q

What are the stats of the Provisioned IOPS SSD (io2)?

A
  • Up to 500 IOPS per GiB up to 64,000 IOPS
  • 99.999% durability instead of up to 99.9%
  • I/O-instensive apps, large databases, and latency-sensitive workloads. Basically all applications that need high levels of durability.
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7
Q

What are the stats of the Throughput optimized HDD (st1)?

A
  1. Throughput optimized HDD (st1)
  • It’s the old school harddrives
  • Low cost HDD volumen
  • Baseline throughput of 40 MB/s per TB
  • Ability to burst up to 250 MB/s per TB
  • Useful for frequently accessed, throughput-intensive workloads like Big data, data warehouses, ETL and log processing.
  • Cost effective way to store mountains of data
  • Cannot be a boot volume, and is only used generally for data work.
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8
Q

What are the stats of the Cold HDD (sc1)?

A
  • The lowest cost options
  • Baseline throughput of 12 MB/s per TB
  • Ability to burst up to 80 MB/s per TB
  • Max throughtput of 250 MV/s per volume
    The use case if for applications that need the lowest cost and performance is not a factor.
    cannot be a boot volume.
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9
Q

What are the difference between IOPS and Throughput?

A
  1. IOPS
  • Measures the number of read and write operations per second.
  • Important metrics for quick transactions, low-latency apps, transactional workloads
  • The ability to action reads and writes very quickly.
  • Choose provisioned IOPS SSD(io1 or io2)
  • A use case example could be you a transactional database for transactions like in a webshop.
  1. Throughput
  • Measures the number of bits read or written per second (MB/s).
  • Important metrics for large datasets, large I/O sizes, complex queries.
  • The ability to deal with large datasets and big data.
  • Choose throughput optimized HDD (st1)
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10
Q

What are volumes?

A

Volumes are simply virtual hard disks. You need a minimum of 1 volume per EC2 instance.

This is called the root device volume, and is where your operatins system is installed like Windows and Linux.

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11
Q

What are snapshots?

A
  1. Snapshots exist on S3
  2. Snapshots are point in time
    - When you take a snapshot, it’s a point-in-time copy of a volume
  3. Snapshots are incremental
    - Only the data that been changed since the last snapshot are moved to S3
  4. The first snapshot takes some time since there is no previous point-in-time.
  5. It’s recommended to stop your instance before you take a snapshot in case there is data that is not written to your EBS yet.
  6. If you take a snapshot of an encrypted EBS the snapshot will be encrypted automatically.
  7. You can share snapshots within the region they were created. To save to other regions you need to copy them to the destinations region first. This is handy way to move instances to other regions for instance.
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12
Q

How do you copy an instance across regions?

A
  1. Take a snapshot of the root volume of the instace .
  2. Copy that snapshot to the desired region
  3. Create an image of the copied snapshot in the new region.
  4. Create an instance based of that copied image.
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13
Q

How is EBS encryption handled?

A

EBS encrypts your volume with a data key using the industry-standard AES-256 algorithm.

Amazon EBS encryption uses AWS key management service (AWS KMS) customer master keys (CMK) when creating encrypted volumes and snapshots.

When it comes to management of the keys you can both manage that yourself or you can have amazon manage it for you.

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14
Q

What happens when you encrypt an EBS volume.

A

Encryption happens end-to-end

  1. Data at rest is encrypted inside the volume
  2. All data in flight moving between the instance and the volume is encrypted.
  3. All snapshots are encrypted
  4. All volumes created from the snapshot are encrypted
  5. Copying an unencrypted snapshot allows encryption.
  6. Snapshots of encrypted volumes are encrypted.
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15
Q

How do you encrypt an unencrypted volume?

A
  1. Create a snapshot of the unencrypted root device volume.
  2. Create a copy of the snapshot and select the encrypt option
  3. create an image (AMI) from the encrypted snapshot
  4. Us that image (AMI) to launch new encrypted instances.
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16
Q

If you terminate an EC2 instance what will happen to the root device volume?

A

The root device volume will be terminated as well.

17
Q

What happens when you start an EC2 instance?

A
  1. Operating system boots up
  2. The user data script is run (bootstrap scripts)
18
Q

What is EC2 Hibernation?

A

When you hibernate an EC2 instance, the operating system is told to perform hibernation (suspend-to-dist).

Hibernation saves the contents from the instance’s memory (RAM) to your Amazon EBS root volume.

19
Q

What happens when you start your instance out of hibernation?

A
  1. The EBS root volume is restored to its previous state.
  2. The RAM contents are reloaded
  3. The processes that were previously running on the instance are resumed.
  4. Previously attached data volumes are reattached and the instance retains its instance ID.
20
Q

When should you use EC2 Hibernation?

A

With EC2 hibernation, the instance boots much faster. The operating system doesn’t need to reboot because the in-memory state (RAM) is preserved.

This is useful for:

  1. Long-running processes
  2. Services that take time to initialize
21
Q

What are the conditions for you to use EC2 Hibernation?

A
  1. Instance RAM must be less than 150 GB.
  2. Only available for Windows, Amazon Linux 2 AMI and Ubuntu
  3. They can’t be hibernated for more than 60 days.
  4. Only available for on-demand and reserved instances.
  5. Must be in one of the following instance families. General purpose, compute, memory or storage optimized groups.
22
Q

What is Amazon Elastic file system (EFS)?

A
  1. It acts a way for multiple EC2 instances to share data.
  2. It’s a managed (Network file system) that can be mounted on many EC2 instances.
  3. EFS works with EC2 instances in multiple Availability zones.
  4. It’s highly available and scalable; however, it is expensive.
  5. You pay for the storage you use.
23
Q

What are some use cases for EFS?

A
  1. Content management
  • Great fit for content management systems, as you can easily share content between EC2 instances.
  1. Web servers
  • Also a great fit for web servers. Have just a single folder structure for your website.
24
Q

EFS overview

A
  1. Uses NFSv4 protocol
  2. Compatible with Linux-based AMI.
  3. Encryption at rest using KMS
  4. File system scales automatically, no capacity planning required
25
Q

What are EFS’ performance stats

A
  1. It can support 1000s of concurrent connections. Meaning 1000s of instances can be connected at the same time.
  2. It can handle up to 10 Gbps in throughput,
  3. Storage can be scaled to petabytes.
26
Q

For EFS what performance characteristics can you choose from?

A
  1. General purpose
    - Used for things like web servers, CMS etc.
  2. Max I/O
    - Used for big data, media processing etc.
27
Q

What are the 2 different EFS storage tiers you can choose from?

A
  1. Standard
    - For frequently accessed files
  2. Infrequently Accessed
    - For files not frequently accessed

If there are files you don’t need often you can move to infrequently accessed to save money.

28
Q

What is FSx for windows?

A

Amazon FSx for windows file server provides a fully managed native microsoft Windows file system so you can easily move your windows-based applications that require files storage to AWS.

It’s very usefull for migrating sharepoints and getting active directory to a shared space.

29
Q

What’s the difference between FSx for windows and EFS?

A
  1. FSX
    - A managed Windows server that runs Windows server message block (SMB)- based files services.
  • Designed for windows and windows applications.
  • Supports AD users, access control lists, groups, and security policies, along with distributed file system (DFS) namespace and replication.
  1. EFS
    - A managed NAS file for EC2 instances based on network file system (NFS) version 4.
  • One of the first network file sharing protocols native to Unix and Linux.
30
Q

Hvad is Amazon FSx for Lustre?

A

It’s a fully managed file system that is optimized for compute-intensive workloads like:

  • High performance computing
  • Machine learning
  • Media data processing workflows
  • Electronig design automation

You can run a Lustre file system that can process massive datasets at up to hundreds of gigabytes per second of throughput, millions of IOPS, and dub-millisecond latencies.

It’s primary used for machine learning and AI.

31
Q

In which scenarious do you want to use EFS, FSx for windows and FSx for Lustre?

A
  1. EFS
    - When you need distributed, highly resilient storage for Linux instances and Linux-based applications.
  2. FSx for Windows
    - When you need centralized storage for windows-based application, such as Sharepoint, Microsoft SQL server or any other native microsoft application.
  3. FSx for Lustre
    - When you need high-speed, high capacity fistributed storage. This will be for applications that do high performance computing.
32
Q

What is an Amazon Machine Image (AMI)?

A

An Amazon machine image (AMI) provides the infomration required to launch an instance.

You can base your AMI of 5 things:
1. Region
2. Operating system
3. Architecture (32-bit or 64-bit)
4. Launxh permissions
5. Storage for the root device (root device volume)

33
Q

What are instance store volumes?

A

Instance store volumes cannot be stopped. If the underlying host fails, you will lose your data. You can however reboot the instance without losing your data.

If you delete the instance, you will lose the instance store volume.

34
Q

What are EBS volumes?

A

EBS-backend instances can be stopped. you will not lose the data on this instance if it’s stopped. You can also reboot an EBS volume and not lose your data.

By default, the root device volume will be deleted on termination. However, you can tell AWS to keep the root device volume with EBS volumes.

35
Q

What is AWS backup and it’s advantages?

A
  1. Consoldation
    - AWS Backup allows you to back up AWS services like EC2, EBS and etc.
  2. Organizations
    - You can use AWS Organisations in conjunction with AWS backup to back up your different AWS services across multiple AWS accounts.
  3. Benefits
    - Backup gives you centralized control, letting you automate your backups and define lifecycle policies for your data. You get better compliance, as you can enforce your backup policies, ensure your backups are encrypted, and audit them once complete.

AWS - Solutions Architect (associate) (6 decks)

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