ELA semster exam review Flashcards
What is a collegial discussion?
mutually respectful conversation between student colleagues in group or classroom environment
What is active listening?
giving full attention to a speaker and responding in a way that improves mutual understanding
Why is active listening important in discusions?
The first step in being part of either a debate or discussion is employing effective active listening skills. These require each person to give their full attention to whoever is speaking, and then responding in ways that support and improve everyone’s understanding. Along with careful listening, debates and discussions rely on people remembering to use their best manners (no interrupting!).
justify claim
This claim is supported by evidence, which includes facts, statistics, quotations, or other pieces of information that can be verified by a source. Facts and quotations, however, can support a variety of claims.
Claims
the main argument of an argumentative essay or text. a statement of the writer’s position on a topic
counterclaims
a claim that is the opposite of the main argument of an argumentative text to disprove an opposing argument
rebuttals
to disprove an opposing argument
Rhetoric
the art of using language to persuade; rhetoric, or the art of persuasion, was based on three things: the character of the speaker, the emotional state of the listener, and the argument itself.
ethos
an appeal to authority and credibility
kairos
an appeal to time
logos
an appeal to logic
pathos
an appeal to emotion
connotation
connotation the idea or feeling a word invokes in addition to its literal meaning
denotation
the literal meaning of a word
tone
the attitude an author shows toward their subject. an author’s attitude toward their subject matter and their audience, as expressed through their choice of language
ad hominem
an argument that attacks someone’s character or motives
false analogy
an argument that because things are alike in one way, they are alike in others
fallacy
an unsound argument based on false or illogical evidence
false dichotomy
an argument that limits options to two opposite choices
gambler’s fallacy
an argument that bases decisions on the false belief that random occurrences are somehow predictive of future outcomes
seminal document
a document, such as a speech, law, treaty, or legal decision, that has influenced or helped shape the nation’s culture
bias
a personal feeling in favor of or against something
peer review
If the source is scientific in nature, check if it is peer-reviewed. When a researcher submits a study for publication, reputable journals will do a peer review by having other experts in the field read the study. This helps ensure that the researcher hasn’t made a mistake or manipulated the results.
noun clauses, coordinating conjunction, types of sentences
(simple, compound, and complex)
All sentences have at least one clause; a clause a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
depedent clause
has a subject and a predicate but does not form a sentence and cannot stand on its own. Dependent clauses depend on another clause to complete the thought.
Example of dependet clauses
When teenagers have more time to sleep, they are more likely to perform well in school. A dependent clause can be identified by the use of a subordinating conjunction at the beginning of the clause. Subordinating conjunctions (a connecting word or phrase that introduces a dependent clause) show the relationship between the ideas in an independent and dependent clause. In this sentence, the subordinating conjunction is when.
Other common subordinating conjunctions include the following:
after
before
once
although
because
unless
wherever
noun clause
A noun clause is a group of words that work together to act as a noun. As with any clause, a noun clause must contain a subject and a verb. it is also a type of depedent clasue.
does this have a noun clasue:Whether a student does well on a test depends on many factors.
The clause whether a student does well on a test is a noun clause. It contains the subordinating conjunction whether, a subject, a student, and a verb, does. You can identify a noun clause by seeing if you can replace the clause with a noun or pronoun: It depends on many factors.
In this sentence, the noun clause is replaced by the noun it, and the sentence retains its meaning. However, the sentence with the noun clause provides much more detail.
What is a compound sentence
A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. The most common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, and or.
Compound Sentence example
My parents like walking in the forest, but they don’t like forests with large animals.
What is a complex senstence
a sentence that contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinating conjunction
Example of a complex sentece
Separate Sentences
All students should have access to the internet, she believes.
There need to be equal research opportunities, she believes.
Complex Sentence
She believes that students should have equal access to the internet because there need to be equal research opportunities.
simple sentece
A simple sentence consists of just one independent clause
What are reactaion shot
reaction shot – image created when action onscreen shifts to a separate shot showing how a character or characters react
wide shot
wide shot – image created when a camera films something from far away
close up shot
close-up shot – image created when a camera focuses tightly on a person’s face or on another object
Affects of sound and visual effects
These sound and visual effects affect both your experience and understanding of the media, which may differ. The experience involves using your senses to see and hear what is happening, but understanding comes from analyzing what you see and hear. That analysis should be done to be clear about the media’s messages, so you can decide where you stand in relation to those messages.
What is copyright
copyright – the right, under the law, to make copies of, publish, sell, or distribute an image, written work, or music composition. Copyright is the part of the law that deals with the right to make copies of, sell, distribute, and publish original work. Copyright law says that only the owner and creator of the work has the right to do these things. If anyone else tries to, it is punishable by law.
fair use
– the right to use a limited amount of copyrighted material in your own work for a valid purpose such as review, parody, or teaching
fast pacing affect plot
An author who wishes to move the story forward quickly and avoid irrelevant or redundant details may skip ahead in time, often using a transitional phrase such as “Many years later.” Authors who want to build suspense will speed up the pacing by using dialogue and short sentences or pivot away from the main plot to a parallel plot.
slow pacing affect plot
If an author wants to introduce a sense of tension or mystery, they may slow down the pacing with long descriptive or reflective passages. The effect is to slow readers down.
dramtic irony
when the reader knows something that the characters do not know
What dramtic irony about
Dramatic irony is about differing points of view. By choosing to provide readers with information that is withheld from one or more characters, authors create two different points of view on events or characters in a story. The readers have a more inclusive point of view, so they can anticipate outcomes. The characters, on the other hand, are in the dark about important information, which affects how they react to other characters and to situations.
situational irony
– a literary device in which an outcome is opposite or completely different from what is expected
Why do author use situational irony
Authors also use situational irony to heighten interest, add humor or depth and meaning, deliver moral messages, or create surprise endings.
When does situational irony occur
Situational irony occurs when something happens in an unexpected story.
verbal irony
verbal irony – a literary device in which what is said differs from what is meant
first-person point of view
the perspective of a narrator who is a character in the story and tells the story using the pronouns I and me
Second person point of veiw
the perspective of a narrator who tells the story to the reader using the pronoun you
third-person limited point of view
the perspective of a narrator who is outside the story but has access to the thoughts and experiences of only one character
third-person omniscient point of view
the perspective of a narrator who is outside the story and knows everything about all the characters
third-person omniscient point of view vs third-person limited point of view
Third-person omniscient point of view: The narrator exists outside the story and knows everything about all the characters. This narrator uses the pronouns he, she, and they to provide a bird’s eye view of what the characters think, feel, and do.
Third-person limited point of view: The narrator is outside the story but only has access to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of one specific character. In some stories, the limited point of view may roam from one character to another.
symbolism,
symbolism – the use of images or words to stand for something else
personification
giving human characteristics to animals, inanimate objects, ideas, or forces of nature
simile
a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying something is like something else
metaphor
a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying something is something else
Why do authors use figurative lanuage
Writers use figurative language to create pictures in a reader’s mind, make their writing more memorable, and provide deeper meanings.
mood
the feeling or emotion that a piece of literature or an artwork evokes
tone vs mood
mood is the feeling or emotion that a piece of literature or an artwork evokes vs tone is the attitude an author shows toward their subject. an author’s attitude toward their subject matter and their audience, as expressed through their choice of language
inference
inference – conclusion formed from evidence and reasoning
Objective vs subjective
Objective means making an unbiased, balanced observation based on facts which can be verified. Subjective means making assumptions, making interpretations based on personal opinions without any verifiable facts. Objective observations or assessments can be used before arriving at any decisions.
