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Biology > EL 7-11 > Flashcards

EL 7-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

• What are the 7 structures that make up the end-membrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, CM, ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles and lysosomes

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2
Q

• What is the function of the endomembrane system?

A
  • synthesis
  • transport
  • modification
  • metabolism
  • detoxification
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3
Q

Describe ER

A

network of membranous sacs and tubes= cisternae

  • rough= ribosomes, synthesis of secretory proteins, modification of proteins and transport via vesicles
  • smooth= no ribosomes, synthesis of lipids, detoxification and storage of calcium ions
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4
Q

Describe ribosomes

A
  • complex of mRNA and proteins
  • 2 subunits
  • protein synthesis
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5
Q

Describe golgi apparatus

A
  • flattened membranous sacs stacked on top of one another

- modifies, packages and transports products from the ER

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6
Q

describe the distinct structural directionality of golgi apparatus

A
  • Cis face= products enter from ER

- Trans face= gives off vesicles that travel to other sites

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7
Q

Describe vesicles and vacuoles

A
  • Large vesicles= vacuoles
  • derived from ER and golgi apparatus
  • functions are transport, storage and water balance
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8
Q

Describe lysosomes

A
  • sac containing hydrolytic enzymes

- function is intracellular digestion

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9
Q

Describe mitochondrion

A

-double membrane
-own DNA
-ATP production
-

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10
Q

Describe chloroplasts

A
  • contains green pigment chlorophyll
  • own DNA
  • light into chemical energy via photosynthesis
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11
Q

Describe mitochondrion

A
  • double membrane
  • own DNA
  • ATP production
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12
Q

• Describe the structure of a microtubule

A
  • Hollow rods constructed from a globular protein called tubulin
  • each tubulin protein is a dimer( a and b-tubulin)
  • grow in length by adding tubulin dimers/ disassembling them
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13
Q

• What is the ability to grow and shrink called?

A

Dynamic instability

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14
Q

• What are the main functions of microtubules?

A
  • maintaining cell shape
  • Transport
  • Cell motility
  • chromosome movement
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15
Q

what are centrosomes and centrioles and centriole’s structure

A

centrosome is the microtubule organising center which contains 2 centrioles at right angles to each other
-each centriole has 9 sets of 3 microtubules

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16
Q

• What are the two motor proteins and towards what do each of them go?

A
  • kinesis towards +

- dyneins towards -

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17
Q

• How do microtubules bend?

A
  • Large motor proteins (dyneins) are attached along each outer microtubule
  • Dynein walks along microtuble
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18
Q

what is the common structure of cillia and flagella?

A

Basal body

axoneme( 9+2. pattern)

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19
Q

• How do microtubules bend?

A
  • Large motor proteins (dyneins) are attached along each outer microtubule
  • Dynein walks along microtubule
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20
Q

what are the functions of microfilaments?

A
  • maintenance of cell shape
  • muscle contraction
  • cytoplasmic streaming
  • cell motility
  • division of animal cells
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21
Q

• What are the 2 things that help with muscle contraction?

A
  • Microfilaments

- Myosin

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22
Q

Describe the 5 step process of muscle contraction

A

1) the myosin head is bound to ATP and is in its low-energy configuration.
2) The myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) and is in its high-energy configuration.
3) The myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge with the thin filament.
4) The myosin couples release of ADP and Pi to a power stroke that slides the thin filament along the myosin and returns the myosin head to a low-energy state.
5) Binding of a new molecule of ATP releases the myosin head from actin, and a new cycle begins.

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23
Q

what causes the shortening of the muscle cell?

A

the walking of myosin projections drives parallel myosin and actin filaments past each other so that the actin filaments approach each other in the middle. this shortens the cell.

24
Q

How does actin microfilaments cause division of animal cells?

A

Cleavage furrow is caused by contractile ring of actin microfilaments, interaction between myosin and microfilaments cause ring to contract and helps pinch parent cell into 2 daughter cells

25
Q

• Why is intermediate filaments more permanent than the others?

A

arent assembled and diassembled

26
Q

what is the functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  • Maintenance of cell shape
  • anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
  • helps cells function
27
Q

• Why is intermediate filaments more permanent than the others?

A

arent assembled and disassembled

28
Q

Why does cell specialization take place?

A
  • different cells for different functions
29
Q

what does cell specialization rely on?

A

gene expression

30
Q

define stem cells

A

cells with unique ability to develop into specilised cell types in the body

31
Q

what do stem cells do?

A
  • can stay as unspecialised cells that can reproduce
    or
    -can differentiate into 1/more types of specialised cells
32
Q

define stem cells

A

cells with unique ability to develop into specialised cell types in the body

33
Q

Define Totipotent

A

can divide into all cell types in an organism

34
Q

Define Pluripotent

A

can divide into most cell types but cannot develop into an entire organism on their own

35
Q

Define Multipotent

A

have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialised cells types present in a specific tissue/organ

36
Q

Define cloning

A

Process of producing individuals with identical or vitually identical DNA either naturally/ artificially

37
Q

what is cloning?

A

produces 1/more organisms that are genetically identical to the parent that donated the single cell

38
Q

Define cloning

A

Process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA either naturally/ artificially

39
Q

Describe this cloning process

A

Nuclear transplantation is a method in which the nucleus of a donor cell is relocated to a target cell that has had its nucleus removed

40
Q

Provide atleast 3 reasons as to why we clone?

A
  • Novelty, exotic animals…
  • Research animals, identical experimental conditions
  • increasing stem cells to treat diseases
41
Q

• Any ethical issues?

A
  • can cause loss of life
  • human identity may be violated
  • could be used to breed ‘better humans’
42
Q

• Definition of epigenetics

A

study of heritable changes in gene expression that doesnt involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence

43
Q

• Explain what happens in epigenetics?

A
  • gene expression is influenced

- not permanent

44
Q

define gene expression

A

process by which info encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule

45
Q

• What are histones?

A

proteins around which DNA is wrapped in the nucleosome

46
Q

• What is histone acetylation?

A

addition of an acetyl group to histone tail

47
Q

what happens to a acetylated histone?

A

causes nucleosomes to become loosely packed exposing more sections of DNA.

48
Q

what is an acetyl group?

A

a part of a molecule containing carbonyl and methyl group

49
Q

How does histone acetylation affect transpiration and transpiration factors?

A
  • nucleosomes less tightly packed=increased transpiration

- Transpiration factors bind to DNA=genes expressed/ turned on

50
Q

• What is DNA methylation?

A

addition of methyl group to histone tails.

51
Q

what happens to a methylated histone?

A

causes chromatin to become more condensed

52
Q

How does histone methylation affect transpiration and transpiration factors?

A
  • nucleosomes more tightly packed= reduced transpiration

- transpiration factors cant access DNA to bind= DNA is not expressed/ turned off

53
Q

define transpiration factors

A

protein that controls rate of transpiration of genetic info from DNA to messenger RNA

54
Q

What is common between both histone modifications?

A
  • no change in DNA sequence

- still can be passed onto future generations

55
Q

define epigentic inheritance

A

Can be passed on to future generations

Biology (15 decks)

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