EK Ch 1: Biological Molecules and Enzymes Flashcards
Triacyglycerols AKA triglycerides AKA fats and oils
store energy ( and can give insulation and padding)
EK 4
major functions of lipids:
- phospholipids serve as a structural component of membranes;
- triacylglycerols store metabolic energy ana provide thermal insulation ana padding;
- steroids regulate metabolic activities; ana
- some fatty acids (eicosanoias) even serve as local hormones.
EK 5
Glycogen is found in liver and muscle cells. It is branched with alpha linkages.
a-1,4 in a line
a-1,6 at branch point
Starch is in plant chloroplasts: amylose is like glycogen but doesn’t have to be branched (alpha linkages like glycogen) and amylopectin is branched but differently (branched, different than glycogen)
EK 6
Liver regulates blood sugar. That’s why it can turn glycogen into glucose.
EK 6
Glucose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion. Insulin increases this rate. Some epithelial cells in digestive tract and proximal tubule of kidney absorb glucose through active transport.
EK 6
In absence of insulin, only neuronal cells and hepatic cells can absorb enough glucose through facilitated diffusion.
EK 6
Plants can also make cellulose (beta linkages, cellular structure) out of glucose, only bacteria can breakdown.
EK 6
Nucleotides:
- genetic material
- energy (ATP)
- second messengers (cAMP)
- coenzymes (FADH2 and NADH)
EK 10
Dehydration=condensation
EK 11
Enzyme catalysts are NOT reactants.
EK 11
Alpha amino acid: Amine (NH2) is attached to alpha carbon from carbonyl carbon.
EK 12
AA secondary structure: Alpha helices or B pleated sheets, where the connecting segments between the 2 strands can be in the same or opposite directions.
Both structures are reinforced with H bonds between the carbonyl O and a H in another AA.
EK 13
Hormones can be lipids (eicosanoids like prostaglandin) or proteins (insulin)
EK 15
Proteins are globular and structural.
EK 15
NITROGEN=protein
EK 16
