Eisenhower foreign policy Flashcards
What year was Guatemala Coup D’etat
1954
Democratically elected Guatemalan President
Arbenz
US installed leader
Armas
What was the leadership under Armas
military dictatorship
How many men did US train and arm
480
Two names for US army
Counter revolutionaries
Liberation army
Name for CIA operation
Covert operation
PBSUCCESS
What is UFC
United fruit company
What did Arbenz want to do
popular land reforms
buy land off UFC to distribute to landless peasants
Arbenz land reform program
1952 - Decree 900
Names for US propaganda
red-baiting
disinformation campaign
psychological warfare
What did CIA do
Coordinated bombings, anti-govt radio broadcasts
How did Guatemala react
Army intimidated into submission
Arbenz forced to resign
UFC motive
Ties between company and Govt. officials
Alan Dulles role
Head of CIA
John Foster Dulles role
Secretary of State
Dulles and UFC
expand overseas markets
promote foreign investments
owned stock in UFC
Why Armas
no political philosophy
What did Journalists call Armas
liberator narrative
success in USA
Analysis phrase to use
anticommunism serves as a pretext for overthrowing a threat to US hegemony
What is prophetic dualism
Ideological view: world divided into good vs evil
U.S. = good (capitalism/democracy), USSR = evil (communism)
Led to interpreting neutral or nationalist movements as communist threats
Prophetic dualism in foreign policy
Justified intervention in places like Guatemala (1954) based on perceived communist threat
Who used prophetic dualism the most
John Foster Dulles
What worsened perceived communist threat
exaggerated fears
ideological confusions
Long term issues
Guatemalan civil war
150,000 dead
U2 Crisis year
1960
Who was shot in U2 Crisis
Gary Powers
Eisenhower’s response U2
Humiliated
Tried to deny but evidence survived
Had to take responsibility - surviving evidence
Khrushchev response U2
Paris Summit
45mins of abuse
Relations ruined
CIA in 1950s
poor operational security
engineered overthrow of Governments
When was Hungary Uprising
1956
Hungary new leader
Nagy
What did Hungary want
leave Warsaw Pact
Cold war neutrality
free elections
Hungary’s dual belief
Eisenhower liberator
Khrushchev relaxing Stalinist control
Why did Hungary have hope
Khrushchev ‘secret speech’
denounced Stalin’s methods
amnesty for imprisoned
released people from labour camps
process of Destalinization
What did Hungary hope for under Khrushchev
(exam wording)
free from Stalinist oppression
possibility of liberal reform
How did America give Hungary hope
CIA’s radio-free Europe
encouraged dissidents
gave false hope for US intervention
Eisenhower reasons for not intervening in Hungary
(pragmatic)
USSR controlled airspace and borders so covert aid difficult
No military presence in Hungary
Peripheral containment more important
Suez Crisis same time
Eisenhower reasons for not intervening in Hungary
(political)
could divide NATO (focused on economic recovery)
propaganda - narrative of Soviet brutality
Khrushchev Hungary response
troops and tanks
3000 killed
200,000 fled to Austria
Hungary cold war impact
cemented long term division
froze European battleground - focused on Middle East
Ike Hungary achievement
de-escalated and prevented war
East German Uprising stats
June 1953
40,000 involved
USSR sent 16 armed divisions
at least 55 dead - could be 10x more
East German Uprising causes
Harsher working targets
Federal subsidies on food, clothing - many shortages
Poznan riots stats
June 1956
57-100 killed
13 year old killed
East Germany status
no diplomatic recognition
lacked legitimacy
Ike NATO focus
needed military and political integration to strengthen west against USSR and save money
When did France joined NATO
1954
East Berlin was a Cold War…
microcosm
East Berlin crisis events
Khrushchev demanded USA and allies turn over access routes to Berlin to EG
Gave initial 6 months deadline
Eisenhower called bluff and did not respond
Khrushchev had to back down
Vietnam crisis year
1954
What battle did France lose in 1954
Dien Bien Phu
Ike’s inherited Vietnam situation
Truman given $2b to French war effort
Vietnam as bulwark against communist expansion
Vietnam communist leader
Ho Chi Minh
US installed Vietnam leader
Ngo Diem
What was ‘domino theory’
if Vietnam fell so would other southeast Asian countries
Ike reasons for Vietnam intervention
western alliance benefits from French cooperation to strengthen NATO
accusations he ‘lost’ Vietnam
advocated ‘rollback’ but nothing liberated yet
domino theory
Ike reasons against Vietnam intervention
domino theory doubted
USSR and China could intervene
New Look policy (limited troops, focus on nuclear deterrence)
UK and Congress opposed (no international support)
Popular for removing troops from Korea
If France withdrew, USA trapped in another war
anti-colonial tradition
When was Geneva conference
1954
Geneva conference agreements
French would exit
Divided into communist North and non-communist south
nationwide elections and reunification in 1956
What did Eisenhower refuse to do in Geneva
didn’t sign geneva accords
created new South Vietnam state under Ngo Dinh Diem
Stats for South Vietnam
1000 advisors
$17b
est. SEATO
by 1961
When was SEATO established
1954
SEATO aims
security alliance to prevent communist expansion in south east Asia
Ike Vietnam outcome success
praised for keeping troops out
Ike Vietnam outcome failures
missed opportunity to exit with French
staked American prestige on continued existence of SV state
responsible for future Vietnam war
Ngo Dinh Diem unpopular
injustices against buddhists
fraudulent elections
corrupt and brutal
What percent of nationwide elections was Ho Chi Minh going to win
80% of popular vote
