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Eisenhower Flashcards

1
Q

When was Eisenhower elected?

A

1953

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2
Q

What party was he a part of?

A

Republican

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3
Q

Why was he described as a “do nothing president”?

A
  • he did nothing for the civil rights movement
  • didn’t stimulate the economy or extend the American dream
  • wasn’t as forceful on foreign policy, he preferred to maintain peace over war whereas Truman enjoyed asserting US power
  • didn’t do much for the Cold War
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4
Q

What was Eisenhower’s promise?

A

to restore normalcy and stability

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5
Q

What were the expectation of Eisenhower, being a republican?

A
  • repair of fair deal

- restore traditional US values involving minimal government intervention

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6
Q

Eisenhower’s reputation

A

American war hero- he was supreme commander of the Allies in Europe during WW2

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7
Q

Why ddi he do nothing for civil rights?

A

he believed it wasn’t the role of the president

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8
Q

who did Ike defeat in the 1952 presidential election?

A

Robert Taft

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9
Q

Why did Eisenhower win the 1952 presidential election?

A

Policies for:

  • cutting federal budget (finances for foreign+defence policies)
  • cutting high taxes
  • removal of ‘socialised’ medicine
  • support for state rights
  • war hero - supreme commander of allies in Europe in ww2 - he was TRUSTED and therefore extremely popular amongst the American people
  • inspirational speaker
  • clever campaign, rather that attacking his democratic opponent he attacked Truman with the slogan, KIC2 (Korea, communism, corruption)
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10
Q

What did K1C2 stand for and involve?

A

Korea, communism, corruption
slogan used as an attack against Truman:
-Ike promised to end the Korean War
-attacked the policy of containment as being ineffective and introduced a policy of “rollback”
-attacked Truman for being “soft” on communism for allowing Soviets to reach Berlin and for “losing” china
-Blamed Truman for allowing Soviets to reach Berlin despite the fact that he controlled the US army at the time

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11
Q

What was his time as president remembered as?

A
  • A golden age

- Americans didn’t have to worry about problems associated with the economy or war and could enjoy the economic boom

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12
Q

Eisenhower’s attitude towards domestics

A

‘moderate republicanism’ and ‘dynamic conservatism’
he did not share the extreme views of some ‘old guard’ republicans who believed in completely abolishing programmes such as the new deal and the fair deal. However, as president he believed he had the role to provide some additional benefits to the American people whilst favouring more limited spending than Truman. He wanted to intervene to stimulate the economy and favoured limited expansion of the new deal.

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13
Q

Domestic policy goals/ achievements

A
  1. facilitating the economic boom in a moderate republican manner
  2. surviving as president for 2 terms- he was extremely popular
  3. ending McCarthyism, and taking control over the anti-communism hysteria
  4. managed a difficult Republican Party

However
Did little for civil rights

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14
Q

Eisenhower’s domestic policy successes

A
  • expanded social security to 10 million americans
  • established department of health, education and welfare
  • made $500 million available to support government supported construction of low-income housing
  • 1956 interstate highway programme built a 41,000 mile road system
  • introduced 2 civil rights acts in 1957 and 60
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15
Q

when was the interstate highway act imposed?

A

1956
His most ambitious domestic project
built 42,000 miles of road and made driving long distances faster and safer

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16
Q

why did Eisenhower have less control over government spending during his final years as president?

A
  • democrats took over congress
  • they spent more on domestic programmes than Eisenhower wouldve proffered, he used his veto to block expensive social reform programmes however, domestic spending still rose by a significant amount from 31% of the budget in 1953 to 49% in 1961
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17
Q

How much did government spending on domestic programmes increase by?

A

1953- 31% of the budget

1961- 49% of the budget

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18
Q

How much did federal expenditure decrease during his presidency as a whole?

A

As a measure of GDP declined from 20.4% to 18.4%. During no president since Eisenhower’s has there been a decrease in federal spending as a percentage of GDP

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19
Q

Why might Eisenhower not be seen as responsible for Economic success?

A

Extremely lucky president, president at the ‘right time’
inherited economic prosperity and what was known as an ‘age of affluence’
Can be argued Ike didn’t need to intervene or take radical action as US was already heading towards stability through the ‘cycle of prosperity’ e.g. building of new, low-income homes provided employment
Roosevelts ‘new deal’ had kick started the economy, provided jobs and ended the economic depression, followed by Truman’s ‘21 point plan’ which expanded economic growth and promoted the American dream even further
The US had emerged from the war as the wealthiest most powerful nation in the world.
Other countries were in desperate need of raw materials and goods to rebuild their economy, the US was in a stable enough position to be able to aid these countries through the Marshall plan. As well as this, extremely powerful nations such as Great Britain and the USSR had been badly affected by the war - the US was at an economic advantage.
He built upon the work of T + R - would be crazy to abandon these ideas - all his work wasn’t his own ideas

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20
Q

why was Eisenhower able to implement acts without being accused of what Truman had?

A

People were slightly less obsessed by communism- Eisenhower had put an end to the McCarthy Hysteria

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21
Q

How many cars and telephones did Americans own?

A

by 1960- half of the cars and telephones across the world this made travel and communication much easier

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22
Q

How many families had television?

A

by 1960- 90% of families

  • led to the increase in popularity of sports and music
  • explosion of advertisements led to a new found desire for glitz and glamour and led to the expansion of the consumer society
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23
Q

Improved lives for workers?

A

wages rose and hours fell-virtually, all workers enjoyed at least 2 weeks of paid holidays a year

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24
Q

How much did the average income of Americans increase?

A

Twice the amount of those in the 1920s

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25
Q

How much did GNP increase by?

A

$355 billion in 1950

$488 billion in 1960

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26
Q

How many homes built?

A
  • Between 1945 and 50 - five million
  • By 1960 60% of Americans owned their homes
  • Created a demand for furnishing, decorations etc and contributed to the development of a consumer society which generated social and cultural change
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27
Q

How many still lived in poverty?

A

1/4

  • described as the ‘other America’, was easily ignored by most Americans and Ike himself
  • wasn’t rediscovered until 1960s
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28
Q

When did the Eisenhower economy see recessions?

A
  • A minor recession in 1954 and a more serious one in 1958 which saw 5 million Americans unemployed and a production fall of 14%
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29
Q

Main problem with the economic boom

A

different groups, such as teenagers benefitted from the economic boom far more than others. For example, teens were gaining huge amounts of freedom and opportunities whereas the elderly were becoming increasingly isolated once families started to move out of towns and into nuclear family units such as Levittown

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30
Q

problems with economic boom and employment

A
  • industrialisation made manual jobs redundant and many lost their employment status, particularly evident in 1958 which saw 5 million Americans unemployed.
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31
Q

problem of economic boom and impact on. US society

A
  • Many intellectuals believed the consumer society led to the American people becoming increasingly materialistic and less considerate of the less fortunate
  • Many also feared the consumer society was becoming far too central and was undermining traditional American values such as hard work and careful money management
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32
Q

How much did inflation remain at?

A

2%

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33
Q

Most difficult domestic issue for Eisenhower?

A

McCarthy crisis- he was able to gain support through media and through manipulating the US fear of communism
-Senator Joesph McCarthy had been making headlines since 1950 after his accusation that there was communist sympathisers working for the US government which eventually led to the launch of the witch trials campaign against the Truman administration

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34
Q

Ike’s opinion towards McCarthy?

A

Ike also worried about communist spies or agents but disliked McCarthy’s outrageous methods which included the tendency to consider someone guilty until proven innocent

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35
Q

Why did Ike never criticise McCarthy publicly?

A
  • He was scared it could ruin his own career through being accused himself or work to McCarthy’s advantage, increasing his own power
36
Q

Actions of McCarthy in 1954

A
  • Held television hearing on communist influence in the US army
37
Q

why did McCarthy’s accusations against the army anger Ike so much?

A

He felt morally obliged to defend the army- he had spent most his adult life serving in the army

38
Q

How did Ike approach the situation to ensure McCarthy’s removal from power?

A
  • He worked quietly behind the scenes to diminish the senators power using the US media to present McCarthy in an an extremely negative way to the US people
  • by 1954, 9/10 US homes had a television, they could have an extremely powerful political influence
39
Q

McCarthy’s complete depletion of power

A

By the end of 1954, the senate had voted to ensure McCarthy never had a major influence in US politics again

40
Q

Growth of Suburbia

A
  • Baby boom - Between 1945 and 1960 the population increased by 40 million which increased demand for new homes.
  • Affordable housing - the building of reasonably priced homes became a priority and land was cheaper on the edges of cities.
  • Increasing car ownership - no longer had to live close to place of work most families had at least one car.
  • Living the American dream - Own their own home and bring up children away from pressures of city life.
  • Increasing affluence - Economic growth led to people having more money to spend so new homes affordable and people could afford new appliances e.g. TVs and record players
41
Q

The affluent Society

A
  • by the 1960, the standard of living of the average American was three times that of the average Briton
  • by 1960, 25% of Americans lived in Suburbia. TV sets, record players, swimming pools and at least one car became status symbols ,the “must have” items
42
Q

The ‘other’ America

A

By 1959, 29% of the population (50 million) lived below the poverty line.
Included among the poor were the ‘hillbillies’ of the Appalachian mountains; Hispanic workers in the West; black people in the city ghettos in the North.
Poor Americans found it hard to afford the rising cost of healthcare (there was no NHS)

43
Q

Growth of Suburbia

A

Between 1945 and 1960, the population increased by 40 million which increased demand for new homes

44
Q

Growth of Suburbia- Affordable housing

A

the building of reasonably priced homes became a priority and land was cheaper on the edges of the cities

45
Q

Growth of Suburbia- increasing car ownership

A

no longer had to live close to t=place of work, most families had at least one care

46
Q

Growth of Suburbia- living the American dream

A

own their own home and bring up children away from pressures of city life

47
Q

Growth of Suburbia- increasing affluence

A

economic growth led to people having more money sone homes were affordable and people could afford new appliance eg TVs and record players

48
Q

Dynamic Conservatism

A

policies focused on domestic issues rather than foreign

49
Q

what did eisenhowers dynamic conservatism do ?

A

Created department of health, education&welfare

Expanded social security to cover 10million Aa

Increased minimum wage by 25%

£500m for Low income housing

50
Q

Federal highway act

A

1956-

42k miles of highway was built over 20 years

51
Q

Civil rights act

A

1957

1960

52
Q

Evidence that Eisenhower faced little opposition

A

Only 10/83 bills were rejected in congress

53
Q

Modern republicanism?

A

he occupied a middle ground between Liberal Democrats and the conservative wing of the Republican Party
-Eisenhower continued the new deal programs, expanded social security and prioritised a balanced budget over tax cuts

54
Q

how many were still in power?

A

1/4 were still in poverty

55
Q

McCarthyism end?

A
  • Stopped in 1954

- accused the army which ultimately led to his downfall

56
Q

McCarthyism popular?

A

1953- 50% of the population was in favour

57
Q

Rise of GDP?

A

1953- 355b

1960- 488b

58
Q

Per capita income change?

A

1940- 1720

1960-2699

59
Q

how much did the economy grow by?

A

37%

60
Q

How much more purchasing power did people have?

A

30%, 90% owned TVs

61
Q

why did the economy grow?

A

GI bill- returned 40 billion into the economy

-done by Roosevelt in 1944

62
Q

credit availability

A

homes cost $8000

63
Q

car sales

A

1949- 5.1m

1955- 7.9m

64
Q

When did Russia put the first object in space?

A

1957

65
Q

The USA was keeping 1/3 or nuclear bombers reading at 15 minutes notice….when?

A

1955

66
Q

when were hydrogen bombs developed by both?

A

1953

67
Q

How many nuclear weapons did the USA have by 1957?

A

5543

68
Q

How many nuclear weapons did the USSR have by 1957?

A

650

69
Q

Hungarian revolution

A

1956- 3k Hungarians killed, 200k fled to Europe. USA didn’t get involved

70
Q

Berlin crisis

A

1958- Khrushchev demanded the USA leave West Berlin in 6 months
20% of East Germans fled to the west by 1961

71
Q

U2 crisi

A

1960- spy plane shot down by USSR Khrushchev postponed meeting the 6 months for when Eisenhower could no longer be in power

72
Q

How did the Korean War end?

A

1953 -Armistice signed refusal to US atomic weapons

73
Q

What happened int he Hungarian revolutions

A 
1956 Khrushchev sent troops to Budapest.
3k were killed
200k fled across border.
USA didn't come to their aid
In 1956, this was an attempted revolt against Communist rule in an Eastern European nation. Khrushchev sent in Soviet tanks to crush this rebellion. Eisenhower did nothing for fear of staring another war
74
Q

What happened in Taiwan?

A

US wanted to defend Taiwan there were only had 6 votes against it out of 494. china stopped shelling of Taiwan after the US threatened to use weapons

75
Q

what happened to Vietnam under Eisenhower?

A

July 1954, Vietnam Split

  • Diem took the south and managed to avoid intervention.
  • the French loosed control of this territory after Ho Chin Minh led a communist force to overthrown French rule
76
Q

Middle East crisis

A

1955 created cento

-but in 1958, USSR developed friendly relationship with Iraq, Syria and Egypt

77
Q

Suez crisis

A
  • 1956 sues canal was nationalised
  • Britain and France wished to attack Egypt
  • Eisenhower didn’t get involved
  • In 1956, this crisis happened in Egypt where Britain, France, and Israel invaded. Eisenhower was furious and these countries withdrew from this region.
78
Q

Post war

A
  • after ww2, people were worried about the economy. American industries had been untouched by the war and were converted to make daily object
79
Q

Joseph McCarthy and communism

A

By 1950, 50000 out of 150000000 were said to be communists. McCarthy claimed to have a list of 200 people in the government who were communist

80
Q

Levittown

A

The growth of suburbs. The GI bill of 1944 provided money towards these new suburbs

81
Q

Interstate highways

A

in 1956, it was created to construct 42,000 miles of roads across the country.
in 1958, the interstate highway act acclaimed at connecting all the major cities in the US

82
Q

New look

A

National security policy created in 1953

  1. Maintain a good economy while still spending money on the cold war
  2. rely on nuclear weapons in case of war
  3. Use the CIA to carry out secret missions
  4. Gain more allies
83
Q

Brinkmanship

A

The US was willing to push the Cold War to the brink of war- in 1953, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles criticised Trumans containments policy and suggested to push the Soviets to the Brink of war

84
Q

Thaw

A

1970’s aggressive policy for the cold war was abandoned by the US and USSR. Nixon created Detente
Eisenhower and Khrushchev met to discuss

85
Q

Geneva summit

A

Cold war meeting with the US, Britain, France, and the USSR. They tried to create peace and security

USA (4 decks)

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