Eight principles

Question 1

the 8 principles of differentiation

Answer 1

Interior - Exterior
Hot - Cold
Full - Empty (Excess - Deficiency)
Yin - Yang

Question 2

Interior/exterior disease differentiation

Answer 2

*according to where the disease is located in the body (i.e. the Exterior)
* and not according to its aetiology (e.g. external Wind)
* diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical manifestations

Question 3

Exterior

Answer 3

• Skin, muscles and Channels
• esp. the space btw skin and muscles - location of Wei (Defensive) Qi and sweat
• space that is first invaded by EPF (= “Lung’s defensive Qi portion”)

Question 4

‘Exterior pattern’ definition

Answer 4

*clinical manifestations arising from invasion of the Exterior by EPF
*giving rise to typical ‘exterior’ clinical manifestations
* be aware: not all problems on the skin are an exterior pattern = most chronic skin conditions are due to an interior pattern manifesting on the skin

Question 5

‘Interior pattern’ definition

Answer 5

clinical manifestation arising from a disharmony on the Internal Organs/Zang Fu

Question 6

The 5 zang organs

Answer 6

*the heart
*the liver
*the spleen
*the lung
*the kidney

Question 7

the 6 fu organs

Answer 7

*the gallbladder
*the stomach
*the small intestine
*the large intestine
*the urinary bladder
*the sanjiao (triple burner).

Question 8

Chronic skin conditions - exterior or interior?

Answer 8

most are due to an interior pattern manifesting on the skin

Question 9

Two types of exterior patterns/syndromes

Answer 9

1. Exterior syndrome/pattern
   *affecting Skin and Muscles (invasion by EPF, usually Wind Heat or Wind Cold
   * sudden onset
2. Bi Syndrome =Painful Obstruction Syndrome
   *affecting the Channels
   * slow onset

Question 10

Interior, definition

Answer 10

Organs and Bones

Question 11

‘Exterior pattern’ main Signs & Symptoms

Answer 11

• aversion to cold
• fever
  *aching body
  *stiff neck
• Floating pulse

Question 12

Which two S&S always indicate invasion by EPF

Answer 12

• Fever fa re = objective feeling of heat on palpation)
• aversion to cold (=sudden chilliness, subjective feeling of cold)

Question 13

Manifestation of Exterior Cold pattern
(=Invasion of W-C)

Answer 13

*slight ‘fever’
*pronounced aversion to cold
*severe body aches
*severe stiff neck
*no sweating
*no thirst
*P: Floating-Tight
* T: Thin white coating

Question 14

Manifestation of Exterior Heat pattern
(=Invasion of W-H)

Answer 14

• fever
• aversion to cold
• severe body aches
• slight sweating
• thirst
• P: Floating-Rapid
• T: Thin white coating, sometimes redness on the sides and/or front

Question 15

Main factors in differentiating the Hot and Cold character on an exterior pattern

Answer 15

• thirst (Hot) or its absence (Cold)
• Rapid (Hot) or Tight (Cold) pulse

Question 16

What defines an Exterior pattern as Full?

Answer 16

• Exterior pattern is by definition always FULL, because:
• presence of an EPF
• the person’s Qi is relatively in tact and the PF fights against the body’s Qi

Question 17

Differentiation of Exterior pattern into Full and Empty

Answer 17

• only in relative terms
• according to a person’s pre-existing condition
• i.e. if a person has tendency to Qi or Blood deficiency, the exterior pattern will have an Empty character (=exterior pattern from W-C with prevalence of Wind)
• if a person has a tendency to Fullness, the exterior pattern will have a Full character

Question 18

S&S of Exterior Empty pattern (=’Empty’ Wind invasion)

Answer 18

*slight or no fever
*sweating
*aversion to wind
*slight body aches
*P: Floating-Slow
*T: Thin white

Question 19

S&S of Exterior Full pattern (=’Full’ Wind invasion)

Answer 19

*fever
*no sweating
*aversion to wind
*severe body aches
*aversion to cold
*P: Floating-Tight
*T: Thin white coating

Question 20

Main differentiation btw Empty and Full exterior pattern

Answer 20

• sweating (Empty) or its absence (Full)
• P: Slow = Empty, Tight = Full
• severity of body aches (severe=Full, less severe=Empty)

Question 21

Exterior affecting the Channels (Bi syndrome)

Answer 21

*slow/gradual onset
*obstruction to the circulation of Qi in channels and joints by an EPF (Wind, Cold, Damp or Heat)
causing painful obstruction syndrome

Question 22

S&S of Exterior affecting the Channels (Bi syndrome)

Answer 22

• Cold severe pain, one joint affected, relieved by application of heat
• Wid pain moves around from joint to joint
• Damp swelling and stiffness
• Heat severe pain, joints hot and swollen