EI

Question 1

Types of electrical charge

Answer 1

• Protons: Positively charged particles in an atom.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles that move through conductors.
• Neutrons: Neutral particles in an atom.
• Ions: Atoms with an unbalanced number of protons and electrons, creating a net charge.

Question 2

types of electric current

Answer 2

• Direct Current (DC): Flows in one direction (e.g., batteries, solar cells).
• Alternating Current (AC): Changes direction periodically (e.g., household electricity).

Question 3

Conductors

Answer 3

Allow easy flow of electricity (e.g., copper, aluminum, gold).

Question 4

Insulators

Answer 4

Resist electrical flow (e.g., rubber, glass, plastic).

Question 5

Semiconductors

Answer 5

Have properties between conductors and insulators (e.g., silicon, germanium).

Question 6

Ohm’s Law

Answer 6

= Voltage (Volts)
= Current (Amperes)
= Resistance (Ohms)

Question 7

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Answer 7

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The sum of all currents entering a junction equals the sum of all currents leaving.
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of all voltage drops in a closed loop equals the applied voltage.

Question 8

Power Law

Answer 8

= Power (Watts)

Question 9

Joule’s Law

Answer 9

Used in heating elements and circuit protection.

Question 10

Series Circuits

Answer 10

• Current is the same through all components.
• Voltage divides among components.

Question 11

Combination Circuits

Answer 11

Mix of series and parallel components

Question 12

Resistors

Answer 12

• Fixed: Carbon film, metal film, wire-wound.
• Variable: Rheostats, potentiometers.
• Thermistors: Temperature-sensitive.

Question 13

Capacitors

Answer 13

Store and release energy.
Formula:
Types: Ceramic, electrolytic, tantalum, supercapacitors.

Question 14

Inductors

Answer 14

Store energy in a magnetic field.

Question 15

Diodes

Answer 15

• Rectifier Diodes: Convert AC to DC.
• Zener Diodes: Voltage regulation.
• LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): Emit light when forward-biased.

Question 16

Transistors

Answer 16

• BJTs (Bipolar Junction Transistors): Amplify current.
• FETs (Field-Effect Transistors): High-efficiency switches.

Question 17

Transformers

Answer 17

• Step-up: Increases voltage.
• Step-down: Decreases voltage.

Question 18

Reactance and Impedance

Answer 18

• Capacitive Reactance:
• Inductive Reactance:
• Impedance: Total opposition in AC circuits.

Question 19

AC Waveforms

Answer 19

• Sine Wave: Power systems.
• Square Wave: Digital electronics.
• Triangular Wave: Signal processing.

Question 20

Logic Gates

Answer 20

AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR.

Question 21

Microcontrollers & Microprocessors

Answer 21

• Microcontrollers: Used in embedded systems.
• Microprocessors: CPUs in computers and mobile devices.

Question 22

Communication Systems

Answer 22

*AM Radio: 530 kHz to 1.7 MHz.
*FM Radio: 88 MHz to 108 MHz.
*Wi-Fi Frequencies: 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz.

Question 23

Fuses & Circuit Breakers

Answer 23

• Fuses melt when excessive current flows.
• Circuit breakers trip during overcurrent.

Question 24

Grounding & Bonding

Answer 24

Grounding prevents electrical shocks.

Question 25

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Answer 25

Insulated gloves, safety glasses, arc flash suits.

Question 26

Multimeter

Answer 26

Measures voltage, current, resistance.

Question 27

Oscilloscope

Answer 27

Displays voltage over time.

Question 28

Function Generator

Answer 28

Generates different waveforms

Question 29

Semiconductor Devices & Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Answer 29

MOSFETs: Used in processors. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps): Used in filtering and instrumentation. 555 Timer IC: Used in timing circuits.

Question 30

Future Technologies in Electronics

Answer 30

Quantum Computing: Uses quantum bits (qubits). Graphene Electronics: Ultra-fast transistors using graphene. AI in Electronics: Machine learning applied to circuit design.