Ehrhart

Question 1

Normal gene products often involved in promotion of cell proliferation or tissue growth

Answer 1

Proto-oncogenes

Question 2

Are developmental (congenital) defects reversible?

Answer 2

Balls no.

Question 3

Complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop. (organ or tissue never started)

Answer 3

Agenesis

Question 4

Failure of an organ or tissue to grow (development) into a rudimentary organ. Remnants of the organ or tissue exist. Failure of a tissue to renew itself.

Answer 4

Aplasia

Question 5

Incomplete development. Failure of an organ or tissue to reach normal size. Decreased renewal of an adult tissue.

Answer 5

Hypoplasia

Question 6

Congenital absence of an opening or normally patent lumen. Body orifice or tubular organ.

Answer 6

Atresia

Question 7

Decreased size of an organ or tissue after it has reached its normal size due to loss of cells or decreased size of individual cells. Diminished fx but not dead.

Answer 7

Atrophy

Question 8

Increased size of an organ or tissue due to increased size of cells. In organs whose cells have lost mitotic capacity, fully differentiated.

Answer 8

Hypertrophy

Question 9

An adaptive change from one adult cell type to another which is not normal to that organ or tissue.

Answer 9

Metaplasia

Question 10

Abnormal (disorganized) growth of cells or tissue

Answer 10

Dysplasia

Question 11

Disorders deriving from defective or faulty nutrition. Faulty development or tissue maintenance.

Answer 11

Dystrophy

Question 12

INITIATION

Reversible?

DNA Mutation?

Morphologic Change in tissue?

Answer 12

NO

YES

NO

Question 13

PROMOTION

Reversible?

DNA Mutation?

Morphologic Change in tissue?

Answer 13

YES

NO

YES

Question 14

PROGRESSION

Reversible?

DNA Mutation?

Morphologic Change in tissue?

Answer 14

NO

YES

YES

Question 15

What are the three steps of carcinogenesis?

Answer 15

Initiation, Promotion, Progression

Question 16

What must happen for TSGs to lose fx? What are the two most well known?

Answer 16

They must lose both recessive alleles (double hit). Rb gene and p53 gene.

Question 17

Angiogenesis and tumor ______ are very closely linked.

Answer 17

progression

Question 18

What are three important factors in the initiation of angiogenesis?

Answer 18

Tumor microenvironment

Circulating endothelial cells

Tumor cell endothelial mimicry

Question 19

Unequal sizes of erythrocytes.

Answer 19

Anisocytosis

Question 20

Unequal sizes of nuclei in cells.

Answer 20

Anisokaryosis

Question 21

Metastasis is typically a ________ distribution.

Answer 21

multifocal

Question 22

What are the direct effects of a neoplasm on the host?

Answer 22

Space occupying

Pressure atrophy

Occlusion of passages

Local tissue destruction

Interference with vital fx

Question 23

Paraneoplastic disease comes from?

Answer 23

hormones released by the tumor or associated tissues.

Question 24

System of clinically subdividing tumor dz based on size of primary lesion, the presence of lymph node or hematogenous metastasis.

Answer 24

Tumor staging