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Environmental Health > EH > Flashcards

EH Flashcards

1
Q

List and define the five sources of disease

A
  • Case - Host suffering with symptoms
  • Carrier - Asymptomatic host
  • Contact - Exposure to pathogen and possible contraction
  • Convalescent - Host recovering but still infective
  • Corpse - Dead/decaying host but still infective
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2
Q

What are the three categories of Medical Force Protection?

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
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3
Q

List five functional areas of Environmental Health in the Army

A
  • Vector and pest control
  • Op sanitation and waste disposal
  • Environmental monitoring
  • Occ health and safety
  • Food hygiene and safety
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4
Q

Who is available to provide Environmental Health advice at the 1st line of support?

A
  • Unit Medial Staff
  • Combat Health Advisor
  • Combat Health Duties
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5
Q

State and outline the two main categories of disease

A
  • Communicable - Spread by micro-organisms. Transmitted from an infected person/animal/insect directly/indirectly
  • Non-communicable - Disease which cannot be spread from an infected person/animal/insect. Climatic illness, physical injury, cancers.
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6
Q

State the two roles of Health Combat Duties

A
  • Pest/vector control

* OP sanitation

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7
Q

List the roles and responsibilities of Medical personnel in providing EH advice at the 1st line of support

A
  • Policy and procedure
  • Monitoring and investigation
  • Education and training
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8
Q

Using the hypothetical three link chain of infection, name four routes of disease

A
  • Ingestion
  • Airborne
  • Arthropods
  • Contact
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9
Q

Who is the target in the hypothetical three link chain of infection?

A

A healthy but susceptible target

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10
Q

State two roles of a Combat Health Advisor

A
  • Identify hazards
  • Supervise CHD
  • To advise CoC
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11
Q

Define health

A

A complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease

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12
Q

Define disease

A

A state of departure from positive health whether that be mental or physical

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13
Q

State three military impacts of communicable disease

A
  • Use of manpower
  • Use of limited resources
  • Unit mission failure
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14
Q

Under population at risk, who could be taken into to consideration when calculating the risk during the health risk matrix assessment?

A
  • Locally employed civilians
  • Civilian population
  • Friendly forces
  • POW/detainees
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15
Q

What is the definition of a DNBI?

A

A person who is not a battle casualty, but is lost to the organisation bu reason of disease or injury

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16
Q

What are the fives steps involved in the Health Risk Managment process?

A
  • Hazard identification
  • Population at risk
  • Risk assessment
  • Risk management
  • Monitoring activities
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17
Q

What are the three categories of Medical Force Protection hazards?

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
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18
Q

List four entry points that organisms can enter the body

A
  • Mouth
  • Nose
  • Ear
  • Genitals
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19
Q

List three ingestion borne diseases of military importance

A
  • Worms
  • Typhoid
  • Polio
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20
Q

List five functional areas of Environmental Health in the military

A
  • Water/food
  • Pest control
  • Occupational health
  • Health and safety
  • Environmental monitoring
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21
Q

List four ways in which contamination of food/water may occur

A
  • Incorrect storage
  • Water contamination
  • Poor personal hygiene
  • Rodent infestation
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22
Q

Who is available for EH advice at the 4th line of support?

A
  • INM
  • RAFCAM
  • DMA
  • Commander Field Army Medical Support Branch
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23
Q

List three examples of auditing and surveillance that can be used in the health risk management process

A
  • FMed 85
  • EpiNATO
  • EH reports
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24
Q

List three examples of hazards/threats that are classified as an external threat to a military force

A
  • Climate
  • Wildlife
  • Disease
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25
Q

List three examples of hazards/threats that are classified as an internal threat to a military force

A
  • Disease
  • Waste management
  • Rodents/pests
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26
Q

What are the principles of risk management?

A
  • Remove hazard

* Reduce risk

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27
Q

Name and describe the five sources of communicable disease

A
  • Case - Suffering with symptoms
  • Carrier - Asymptomatic
  • Contact - Inanimate objects (folimites)
  • Convalescent - Recovering but still infective
  • Corpse - Dead but still infective
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28
Q

In order, list the six principles of water purification

A
  • Selection of source
  • Clarification
  • Disinfection
  • Contact period
  • Test
  • De-taste
29
Q

State the five ways in which the target can be protected from an airborne disease

A
  • Health education
  • Immunisation/vaccination
  • Prevention of exposure
  • Good personal hygiene
  • Good communal hygiene
30
Q

List and outline the two methods of vector borne disease transmission

A
  • Biological - Insect bites infected mammal, pathogen multiplies, insect bites healthy mammal and spreads disease
  • Mechanical - Arthropod carries pathogen on the outside of its body, pathogen deposits onto food/skin, pathogens become ingested and cause disease
31
Q

What form is used for the notification of infectious disease and whom must it be sent to?

A

FMed 85, sent to SO2 Health Protection and Local Proper Officer Authority

32
Q

List two methods that can be employed to disinfect water and give an example of each

A
  • Physical - Boiling water

* Chemical - Fixed dose clorination

33
Q

List three occasions when the contact period for water disinfection will be increased from 15 to 30 minutes

A
  • If the water is below 5 degrees
  • If schistosomiasis is suspected
  • if there is now lovibond checkit
34
Q

List the three main categories of control measures at the route of the arthropod diseases

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
35
Q

Name five diseases associated with contaminated water

A
  • Worms
  • Infectious hepatitis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Dysentery
  • Cholera
36
Q

Describe five actions that must be carried out by a unit Medical CoC specifically in relation to an ingestion disease outbreak

A
  • Collect specimens
  • Conduct a camp inspection
  • Conduct interviews with cases using correct questions
  • identify common factors
  • Initiate immediate control measures
37
Q

When carrying out a recce on a water source how far and in what direction would you check?

A

2km upstream

38
Q

You have identified that there has been a steady increase in the number of airborne diseases being diagnosed within your unit. List four ways in which the spread of airborne diseases around the environment can be prevented

A
  • Health education
  • Personal hygiene
  • Communal hygiene
  • Isolation of cases
39
Q

When controlling vectors, list two examples of actions that can be taken to modify the environment to make it less hospitable for vectors

A
  • Limit breeding areas

* Practice good waste management

40
Q

Define the term fomite and provide an example

A

An inanimate object such as a table

41
Q

Your unit CoC Suspects that the authorised water source has become contaminated and has decided to select a new water source. Describe the two types of impurities that you should be aware of when advising the CoC on the suitability of a new water source. Provide two examples of each

A
  • Suspended impurities - Leaves and twigs, sediment

* Dissolved impurities - Heavy metals, toxic waste

42
Q

State four reasons why you would investigate a disease outbreak

A
  • Identify threats and hazards
  • Evaluate implementation and effectiveness of control measures
  • Gain general control
  • Evaluate training and policies
43
Q

List four arthropod borne diseases

A
  • Malaria
  • Yellow fever
  • Relapsing fever
  • Lyme disease
44
Q

State three advantages of incinerating/burning waste

A
  • Can dispose of more waste
  • Attracts less rodents/insects
  • Easier to compact
45
Q

If the units stored water reserves fails the fifth principle of field water purification, what actions should be carried out to correct the problem?

A
  • Add half the original dose of calcium hypochlorite
  • Allow further contact period
  • Re-test - Repeat a maximum of two times
46
Q

What is the purpose of clarifying water?

A

To remove larger particles to enable to chemicals wo work more effectively

47
Q

Which joint service publications refer to the following force health protection policies?

  • Climatic injuries prevention policy
  • Communicable disease policy
A
  • JSP 950

* JSP 539

48
Q

What is the name of the chemicals used for the disinfection and de-tasting of bulk water purification?

A
  • Chlorine

* Sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate

49
Q

At a semi-permanent camp, give two examples of a waste disposal method for urine,soil, sullage and refuse

A
  • Urine - Funnel urinal and soakage pit
  • Soil - Deep trench latrine
  • Sullage - Evaporation pans
  • Refuse - Oil drum incinerator
50
Q

When carrying out a recce on a water source how far and in what direction would you check?

A

2km upstream

51
Q

How long does it take the average person to partially and fully acclimatise?

A
  • Partially - 8days

* Fully - 15days or longer

52
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a generalised cold injury?

A
  • Casualty may say they are cold
  • Cold to touch
  • Loss of dexterity
  • Cyanosis
  • Mild confusion
53
Q

What are the three main items of personal protective equipment you would wear when handling clinical waste?

A
  • Gloves
  • Mask/face shield
  • Apron
54
Q

List three general prevention measures and control measures that can be employed at the source of ingestion bone disease

A
  • Treatment
  • Health education
  • Disinfection
55
Q

What is the purpose of purifying water?

A

To prevent disease by removing disease causing organisms, therefore maintaining working effectiveness

56
Q

Name five diseases associated with contaminated water

A
  • Worms
  • Infectious hepatitis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Dysentery
  • Cholera
57
Q

Name two methods of clarifying water

A
  • Filtration

* Sedimentation

58
Q

State three advantages of incinerating/burning waste

A
  • Reduces mass
  • Reduces rodent/pest presence
  • Allows more waste to be disposed of
59
Q

When would an FMed 85 need to be completed?

A

When presented with a notifiable disease

60
Q

List three devices used for incinerating refuse in a semi-permanent camp

A
  • Oil drum incinerator
  • Inclined plane incinerator
  • Semi enclosed incinerator
61
Q

Name two methods of clinical waste disposal

A
  • Bagging

* Boxing in sharps boxes

62
Q

What are the two types of insecticide used in the military?

A
  • Compression sprayer

* Swingfog

63
Q

Define outbreak

A

A sudden occurrence of something unwelcome, such as war or disease

64
Q

Define USSR

A
  • Urine
  • Soil
  • Sullage
  • refuse
65
Q

List the three different categories of cold illness/injury and give an example of each

A
  • Generalised cold injury
  • Localised cold injury
  • Non-freezing cold injury
66
Q

Prior to any activity which may involve a risk of heat related illness, what risk factors should a commander consider when trying to reduce the risk?

A
  • Max work rate
  • Duration of activity
  • Individual risk factor
  • Casualty response
  • Prep education
  • Environmental conditions
67
Q

Stage four advantages of good waste management

A
  • Reduces attractiveness to pests/rodents
  • Reduces the mass of waste
  • Creates a cleaner living site
  • Reduces risk of disease
68
Q

List the four stages of a disease investigation

A
  • Preliminary phase
  • Communication
  • Confirm notification
  • Control measures

Environmental Health (1 decks)

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