egypt Flashcards
What form did the first graves take?
Oval Pit Graves
What are sarcophagi?
Outer Coffins
Where were the highest ranking civil servants of the Old Kingdom buried?
Saqqara
Who was the architect of the first step-pyramid?
Imhotep
Who was buried in the first step pyramid
Djoser
Who had the first straight-sided pyramid built?
King snefru
Where is the first straight-sided pyramid?
Meidum
Where (precisely) was Snefru most likely buried?
The Red Pyramid
Where is the Great Pyramid located?
The giza plateau
Who was Khaefre?
Khufu’s son
What is (likely) the origin of the word mummy?
The persian word mamiya, which is used to describe the blackened state of ancient egyptian bodies
When and where did the first mummy studies start?
Began in the early 19th century from egypt
Where was mummification first used?
Atacama desert area in Northern Chile in fishing community of the Chinchorro
women may have started the mummification of bodies; what is the justification for this possibility?
Because the earliest Chinchorro mummies were children and foetuses so the woman mummified their bodies to keep the dead child with them
What natural process led to the creation of mummies high in the Andes?
The natural process of freeze-drying
What was the religious justification for the Spanish to destroy any mummies they found in their various conquests?
To preserve the mortal souls of the mummies
The god of craftsmen that the Greeks equated to their god of metalworking.
Ptah
Who were Atum, Khepri and Horakhty?
Re’s forms on manifestation
This god was represented on earth by the living ruler of the time (the pharaoh)
Horus
he was the sun disk… the essence of the divine made visible.
Aten
A symbol of motherhood and fertility, who was this goddess?
Hathor
The moon god, who the Greeks identified with Hermes the messenger god, maybe because he was also the inventor of writing and acted as scribe for the gods?
Thoth
This god was identified with the ram and the goose.
Amun
Who was the god and judge of the underworld?
Osiris
What is the Schistosoma worm? How does it enter a human, and what effect can it have on health?
Parasites in the agriculture irrigation channels. Enter via feet or legs. They lay eggs in the bloodstream, and travel through internal organs making humans weak and susceptible to disease.
Ancient Egypt had access to a relatively healthy diet; were all ancient Egyptians nutritionally healthy?
Not every Egyptian was had adequate nutrition. When bodies of ancient egyptians were retrieved from graves, they discovered some suffered from nutritional defiency.
What is the connection between eye makeup (worn by both men and women) and health?
Egyptians wore eye paint, because it contained malachite and had medicinal properties.
What age group had the highest mortality rate?
infants
What evidence is there that many Egyptians suffered from anaemia (iron deficiency)? What may have caused it?
Bc anemia leaves markers on the roofs of eye sockets, on top of skulls, and are seen frequently on Egyptians. Caused by people living on mainly a cereal diet, or parasites. It made Egyptians vulnerable to other diseases
What is one of the possible reasons for so many ancient Egyptians having worn teeth.
The quantity of sand in bread caused the wearing teeth.
Who was more likely to suffer head trauma in ancient Egypt, and why?
Men, because they engaged in more manual work and military action.
What sort of writing would an ancient scribe have likely used for day to day recording?
Hieratic, and demotic scripts,
What replaced the Egyptian written language?
Coptic, a 24 letter script from the Greek alphabet
Who found the Rosetta Stone, and where is it now?
Troop of french soldiers sent at Fort Julien, in the town of Rosetta, Nile Delta. It is now in the British Museum.
What knowledge did Champollion have that provided the key to figuring out the hieroglyphs?
He realized hieroglyphs were phonetic and the underlying language was Egyptian.
Which pharaoh’s name did he uncover first?
Nile Valley
- The Nile flooding is when the receding waters left behind a rich alluvial soil
- egyptian society which made the Nile Valley a fertile and productive region
- egypt is dependant on it for wealth
Nile Delta and the Faiyum
largest area of fertile land in Egypt. Faiyum lies around Lake Moeris which was the third largest area of settlement and cultivation
Deserts
source for minerals, and building supplies (copper, gold, tin, alabaster, timestone, amethyst, and natron. Served as protection from invasion
The Mediterranean
Outlet for trade, and cultural diffusion
The Old Kingdom
Rulers: King Menes
Significant Accomplishments: united lower, and upper egypt engaged in trade throughout the Mediterranean, mining copper in the Sinai Peninsula gained wealth and goods. The king was deified.
Other info: Three pyramids of Giza were built
The Middle Kingdom
Rulers: Theban Kings, influence of god Amon
Significant Accomplishments: through war with Palestine, Libya, and Nubia they extended their influence
Other info: Hyksos invaded with superior technology, only driven out after 150 years
The New Kingdom
Rulers: Hatshesput, succeeded by Thutmose II
Significant Accomplishments: produced fine art, gained wealth from tributes paid to Thutmose’s conquests
Other info: Hatshesput declared herself queen. Thutmose was “Napolean” many military excursions. Subjected people to pay tribute
-rise of Amon deity
Monotheistic
belief/doctrine states that there is only 1 god
polytheistic
belief/doctrine in multiple gods
deities
god, or goddess in polytheistic religion
Anthropomorphic
attribution of human qualities to non human entities
-Thoth, the Ibis-headed god of wisdom and writing
-Anubis, jackal-headed god of mummification
-
Demigods
minor deity, or a mortal who is the offspring of a god and a mortal
Amon
rose to national prominence during the Middle Kingdom under theban rulers
Re
- Son god of Heliopolis
- sun disc on his head
- created of humans
Osiris
- god of earth and vegetation
- murdered by his brother Seth, was reborn and became symbol of the nile
Anubis
Jackal headed god of mummification
-presided over bandaging of dead
Horus
- son of isis and osiris
- falcon
- kings were physical manifestation of Horus on earth
Seth
- lord of upper Egypt
- desert/storms
Thoth
- god of wisdom
- ibis headed
- writing
- the moon
Isis
wife and sister of Osiris
-protects children
Egyptian spirit Ka
- each human crafted has a spiritual duplicate
- Ka is stored in heart and at death separated from body
Egyptian spirit ba
- non-physical element unique to each person
- enters at birth leaves at death
- personality
Afterlife views
- Egyptian concept of afterlife reflects their positive outlook, zeal for life
- duplication of best moments on each
- fun time
Egyptian maat
- order, truth, justice,
for afterlife bodies must be
- preserved in lifelike forms
2, deceased must be provided with items necessary for a life in hereafter
Royal tombs have
-games, jewelry, clothes, weapons, furniture, food
Nile river
- wealth depended on water from nile
- flooding
- come from white nile and blue nile
- receding water left behind rich alluvial soil
- benevolent
- plants and crops could be harvested
Women in Egypt
- domestic
-yellow for women
-
Men in Egypt
- head of family
- ## could have hella btches
clothing
- jewelry for personal expression
- practical yet elegant
- more sophisticated the more wealthy
- men wore loincloths in lower classes
- upper wore tunics
- women wore lively patterns and bright colours
cosmetics
- stuff to protect eyes against dust and infection
- red on lips
- wig made from dyed black wool
social structure
- Pharaohs
- Nobles Priests
- soldiers
- scribers
- merchants
- artisans
- farmers
- slaves and servants
Rosetta Stone
- 1822
- napoleons army found
- hieroglyphs on it
writing
- hieroglyphs
- took from Mesopotamia
- ideograms, symbols, phonograms
- phonetic
