Effects of climate change on land cover in natural and anthropogenic biomes

Question 1

Explain the effects of climate change on coastal systems and coral reefs

Answer 1

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Question 2

Explain the effects of climate change on urban settlements and industry

Answer 2

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Question 3

What is the process of land cover restoration

Answer 3

The process and act of restoring land cover (a.k.a natural environment) within ecosystems back to its original state following disruption or degradation to the area from anthropogenic or human interactions.

Question 4

What is the process of land cover rehabilitation

Answer 4

Refers to repairing the services that ecosystems provides, thus repairing its overall productivity.

Question 5

What is the process of land cover adaptation

Answer 5

When humans change their:

• behaviours and processes to suit the new
• conditions being created in order to
• reduce potential risk of damage and costs from these new conditions

Question 6

What is mitigation and an example of mitigation in terms of land cover change

Answer 6

DEFINITION:
The efforts and actions put in place to reduce or alleviate completely the severity and effects of (climate change and land cover change) a phenomena through targeting the causes.

EXAMPLE:
- Example of a mitigation and preservation strategy includes:
○ Use of Reserves - National Reserve System
- National Reserve System is Australia’s….
○ Network of protected areas, with its aim to
○ Conserve examples of our natural landscapes and native plants and can I also for future generations

- Karakania is a reserve in WA
- Provides natural habitat to 15 native species:
	○ Woylie 
	○ Tamar Wallaby
	○ Quenda 
	○ White-tailed black cockatoo
	○ Red-tailed Black cockatoo 
	○ Ringtail possum
- Establishment of conservation area is feral proof fence and removal of all feral animals such as Woylie and Tamar Wallaby
- When Karakamia was established, Woylie was regionally extinct
- Yet due to translocations into the area, population has now remained constant up to 600 
- How do reserves mitigate land cover change?
	○ Through purchasing land to convert into conservation reserves, this strategy is mitigating land cover change as these areas will not have any land cover change occur to them whilst the properties are owned by the AWC.  (AWC uses mitigation strategies of prescribed burns to ensure no land cover change from wild bushfires)

Question 7

What is an example of restoration and rehabilitation on a site

Answer 7

• Approx. 600 hectares in total are mined and rehabilitated each year the Huntly and Willowdale mine sites in the South-West of W.A
  
  • Objective: rehabilitation —> want to establish a self sustaining Jarrah forest ecosystem that is planned to enhance or maintain all of the Jarrah forest land uses.
  • Key environmental objective: restore 100% of the species richness in the native forest to the rehabilitated areas 5 years after rehabilitation is complete
  • Alcoa process can be seen as both restorations and rehabilitation strategy
    ○ Restoration section:
    § Restore natural Jarrah forest
    § Pre-mining flora surveys by collecting seeds
    § Encourage native animals back
    § Contouring and landscaping natural shape of the area (especially for lakes)
    § Returns same overburden topsoil
    § 100% return of species within 5 years of completion
    ○ Rehabilitation section:
    § Return ecosystem services: timber (forestry), cultural services such as recreation (black diamond lake) in the State forest
    § Regulating oxygen from reforestation
    § Supporting soil from trees
    § Increase overall productivity of the Jarrah forest
    § Plant approx. 1000 trees per hectare to ensure less competition and optimum growth making it self-sustaining

Question 8

Definition of sustainable

Answer 8

Meeting the needs of the current generations without compromising the needs of future generations through simultaneous environmental, economic and social adaptations and improvements