effects of alcohol and nicotine on the body Flashcards
where is nicotine primarily found
solanaceous plants - potatoes, green peppers and tomatoes
what is the pH of nicotine
8.0 - weak base
how does pH affect nicotine absorption
through mucous membranes
absorption increases as pH increases
how can nicotine be absorbed
oral cavity
skin
lung
GI tract
urinary bladder
what are some effects of smokign tobacco
bad breath
stained teeth
smokers cough
increased HR and BP - short term
how does nicotine metabolism work
occurs in liver within 1-2 hours
nicotine metabolised to cotinine by oxidation
about 50% of nic is excreted in urine
what are nicotines effects on the whole body 8
increased HR
cardiac contractility
increased BP
decreased skin temp
mobilisation of blood sugar
increase in FFA in blood
increase catecholamine levels in blood
arousal or relaxations
what are nicotines effects at the cellular level 8
increased synthesis and release of hormones
activation of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme
activation of several transcription factors
induction of heart shock proteins
induction of oxidative stress
effects on apoptosis
induction of chromosome aberrations
inductions of sister chromatid exchange
effects of nicotine on the autonomic nervous system and how
reduces/inhibits effects on parasympathetic activation
tends to increase/activate sympathetic activity
parasympathetic endings release acetylcholine
sympathetic endings release noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic - nAChR
muscarinic - mAChR
what are nm receptors
neuromuscular junctions
what are nn receptors
autonomic ganglia, adrenal glands, and CNS
what are peripheral effects of nicotinic receptor activation
result from stimulation of autonomic ganglia and peripheral sensory receptors mainly in heart and lungs
increases HR, cardiac output, and arterial pressure
reduction in GI motility
sweating
what does smoking increase the risk of
coronary heart disease (myocardial infarct)
peripheral vascular disease (hypertension)
lung cancer (carcinnogens, tar, and CO)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
abnormal foetal development (low birth weight)
how to calculate alcohol units
strength (ABV) x volume (ml) / 1000 = units
how is alcohol metabolised
rapidly absorbed via stomach
90% ethanol is metabolised
5-10% is excreted unchanged in expired air and urine
what effects does alcohol have on the CV system
cutaneous vasodilation - causes warm feeling but actually increases heat loss
what effects does alcohol have on the endocrine system
diuresis - caused by inhibition of ADH from the pituitary
what effects does alcohol have on the GI tract
increased salivary and gastric secretion
what effects does alcohol have on the GI tract
increased salivary and gastric secretion
what effects does alcohol have on the liver
increased fat accumulation, leads to hepatitis and finally hepatic necrosis and fibrosis
effects on lipid metabolism, platelet function and atherosclerosis
what effects does alcohol have on foetal development
foetal alcohol syndrome
alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder
what effects does alcohol have on the CNS
slurred speech
motor incoordination
increased self confidence
euphoria
effect on mood can vary
intellectual and motor performance and sensory discrimination all show uniform impairment
