effects of alcohol and nicotine on the body

Question 1

where is nicotine primarily found

Answer 1

solanaceous plants - potatoes, green peppers and tomatoes

Question 2

what is the pH of nicotine

Answer 2

8.0 - weak base

Question 3

how does pH affect nicotine absorption

Answer 3

through mucous membranes
absorption increases as pH increases

Question 4

how can nicotine be absorbed

Answer 4

oral cavity
skin
lung
GI tract
urinary bladder

Question 5

what are some effects of smokign tobacco

Answer 5

bad breath
stained teeth
smokers cough
increased HR and BP - short term

Question 6

how does nicotine metabolism work

Answer 6

occurs in liver within 1-2 hours
nicotine metabolised to cotinine by oxidation
about 50% of nic is excreted in urine

Question 7

what are nicotines effects on the whole body 8

Answer 7

increased HR
cardiac contractility
increased BP
decreased skin temp
mobilisation of blood sugar
increase in FFA in blood
increase catecholamine levels in blood
arousal or relaxations

Question 8

what are nicotines effects at the cellular level 8

Answer 8

increased synthesis and release of hormones
activation of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme
activation of several transcription factors
induction of heart shock proteins
induction of oxidative stress
effects on apoptosis
induction of chromosome aberrations
inductions of sister chromatid exchange

Question 9

effects of nicotine on the autonomic nervous system and how

Answer 9

reduces/inhibits effects on parasympathetic activation
tends to increase/activate sympathetic activity
parasympathetic endings release acetylcholine
sympathetic endings release noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Question 10

what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 10

nicotinic - nAChR
muscarinic - mAChR

Question 11

what are nm receptors

Answer 11

neuromuscular junctions

Question 12

what are nn receptors

Answer 12

autonomic ganglia, adrenal glands, and CNS

Question 13

what are peripheral effects of nicotinic receptor activation

Answer 13

result from stimulation of autonomic ganglia and peripheral sensory receptors mainly in heart and lungs
increases HR, cardiac output, and arterial pressure
reduction in GI motility
sweating

Question 14

what does smoking increase the risk of

Answer 14

coronary heart disease (myocardial infarct)
peripheral vascular disease (hypertension)
lung cancer (carcinnogens, tar, and CO)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
abnormal foetal development (low birth weight)

Question 15

how to calculate alcohol units

Answer 15

strength (ABV) x volume (ml) / 1000 = units

Question 16

how is alcohol metabolised

Answer 16

rapidly absorbed via stomach
90% ethanol is metabolised
5-10% is excreted unchanged in expired air and urine

Question 17

what effects does alcohol have on the CV system

Answer 17

cutaneous vasodilation - causes warm feeling but actually increases heat loss

Question 18

what effects does alcohol have on the endocrine system

Answer 18

diuresis - caused by inhibition of ADH from the pituitary

Question 19

what effects does alcohol have on the GI tract

Answer 19

increased salivary and gastric secretion

Question 19

what effects does alcohol have on the GI tract

Answer 19

increased salivary and gastric secretion

Question 20

what effects does alcohol have on the liver

Answer 20

increased fat accumulation, leads to hepatitis and finally hepatic necrosis and fibrosis
effects on lipid metabolism, platelet function and atherosclerosis

Question 21

what effects does alcohol have on foetal development

Answer 21

foetal alcohol syndrome
alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 22

what effects does alcohol have on the CNS

Answer 22

slurred speech
motor incoordination
increased self confidence
euphoria
effect on mood can vary
intellectual and motor performance and sensory discrimination all show uniform impairment