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Year 1 Week 23 - integrity > effectors of innate immunity > Flashcards

effectors of innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what proportion of blood is white blood cells

A

<1%

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2
Q

what proportion of leukocytes are neutrophils

A

> 60%

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3
Q

what proportion of leukocytes are lymphocytes

A

~25%

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4
Q

what proportion of leukocytes are monocytes

A

~5%

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5
Q

what proportion of leukocytes are eosinophils and basophils

A

<5%

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6
Q

what are leukocytes

A

all white blood cells

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7
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

b and t cells

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8
Q

what are monocytes

A

macrophage precursors

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9
Q

cells of the innate immune system

A

neutrophils - also called granulocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
natural killer cells
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

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10
Q

cells of the adaptive immune system

A

t helper cells
cytotoxic t lymphocytes
b cells

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11
Q

what is complement

A

series of soluble proteins in the blood

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12
Q

what are individual complement molecules called

A

c1, c2, c3 etc to c9

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13
Q

is complement cellular or acellular

A

acellular

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14
Q

what does the complement system activate through

A

a triggered enzyme cascade

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15
Q

what 3 pathways do pathogens lead to the activation of complement by

A

1st - classical pathway
2nd - mannose-binding lectin pathway
3rd - alternative pathway

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16
Q

what 3 things does complement activation lead to

A

anaphylotoxins (inflammation)
membrane attack complex (lysis)
opsonisation

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17
Q

when does the classical pathway of complement activation occur

A

when there are antibodies present specific to a foreign antigen - e.g. on a bacteria, or soluble

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18
Q

what are antibody complexes bound by

A

complement component C I q

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19
Q

what does the classical pathway activate

A

subsequent complement components

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20
Q

how does the alternative pathway activate

A

truly innate - main innate pathway
spontaneously activates and binds to nearby membranes - all molecules
host cells have control proteins on surface preventing further complement activation
bacterial cells dont - complement activates

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21
Q

what complement component is involved in the alternative pathway

A

C3

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22
Q

how does mannose-binding lectin work

A

activation through mannose-binding lectin binding to mannose (or similar carbs) on bacteria
mannose not present on surface of host cells so the lectin doesnt bind and complement is not activated

23
Q

process of complement lysis

A

membrane attack complex (MAC) forms in membrane of bacteria
barrel-like structure formed from multiple late complement components (C6-C9)
water rushes in, ions rush out, bacteria swells and bursts
can also happen to host/foreign cells marked for killing

24
Q

complement mediated anaphylatoxins

A

soluble complement components released on activation
anaphylotoxin release results in blood vessels becoming leaky (oedema) - results in infiltration of plasma proteins and recruitment of immune cells and activation of mast cells

25
Q

what are anaphylotoxins

A

toxins that can cause anaphylaxis

26
Q

opsonisation

A

membrane bound complement components opsonise pathogens
- bind to surface of bacteria
- phagocytes have complement receptors which bind membrane bound complement
- encourage phagocytosis and killing

27
Q

the complement cascade

A

classical pathway - antigen, antibody IgG > c1 complex > c2b and c4b fragments > c3 convertase
alternative pathway - c3 hydrolysis > c3b and c3a fragments > c3b cleaves c5 into c5a and c5b

28
Q

what happens after the complement cascade

A

cell swells and bursts
c5b, c6, c7, c8 and c9 form the cylindrical membrane attack complex

29
Q

what does phagocyte mean and what do they do

A

phago = eating
cyte = cell
phagocytes - eat pathogens

30
Q

what cells are involved in allergic and anti-parasite responses

A

eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

31
Q

what do natural killer cells kill

A

virally infected/sick cells

32
Q

neutrophils

A

recruited rapidly to scene
good at killing - many preformed granules
very short lived (a few days)
chief constituent of pus

33
Q

macrophages

A

macro = big, phage = eaters
good at killing if activated
also involved in tissue healing, clearance of dead cells, metabolism
reside in tissue, and supplemented by monocytes

34
Q

dendritic cells

A

poor at killing
rare
reside in tissues
initiate adaptive immune responses - take a message to t cells

35
Q

process of extravasiona

A

neutrophils need to get from circulation to site of inflammation

36
Q

what is the endothelium of the blood vessel altered by

A

inflammatory cytokines

37
Q

how do neutrophils extravate

A

neutrophil starts to roll along endothelium, then firmly adheres, and exits between endothelial cells (diapedesis)

38
Q

what do neutrophils follow

A

chemokine gradient to site of inflammation

39
Q

what is formed when phagocytes detect pathogens and engulf them

A

phagosome

40
Q

what do lysosomes fuse with and why

A

phagosome
lysosome contains toxic products to kill/degrade pathogen

41
Q

what is the molecule called after the phagosome and lysosome fuse

A

phagolysosome

42
Q

what happens as more lysosomes fuse to the phagolysosome

A

it matures and H+ ions are pumped in

43
Q

what do neutrophils produce

A

hypochlorite (bleach)

44
Q

what is an antigen

A

a molecule that is recognised by the adaptive immune system

45
Q

what are adaptive immune cells randomly generated to express

A

a unique receptors which recognises a specific antigen (termed antigen-specificity)

46
Q

what can antigens be

A

self antigens or non-self antigens (e.g. pathogen or environmental)

47
Q

what are dendritic cells doing when they are in the periphery

A

constantly taking up antigen

48
Q

what happens if dendritic cells sense danger

A

they mature
- get better at antigen presentation and upregulate different chemokine receptors
- results in migration to lymphatics and into the draining lymph node where they present the antigen to t cells

49
Q

why is antigen presentation so complicated

A

to make sure an immune response isnt generated against harmless things (allergy/IBD) or own tissues (autoimmunity)

50
Q

2 signals for antigen presentation

A

signal 1 - specific antigen
signal 2 - danger

51
Q

what can b cell receptors recognise

A

soluble antigen in its normal form

52
Q

what to do t cells need to recognise an antigen

A

has to have antigen presented to it on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on another cell
- antigens must be chopped up into peptides, then loaded onto MHC molecules and presented on surface of a cell

53
Q

process of dendritic cells (pathogen/danger detection)

A

pathogen/damage (PAMPs/DAMPs) > immature DC in periphery > signal 1 - MHC + antigen, signal 2 - co-stimulation > mature DC in lymph nodes > CD4T > activation

54
Q

process of dendritic cells (environmental Ag apoptotic cells)

A

env. Ag ap. cells > immature DC in periphery > signal 1 - MHC + antigen, signal 2 - co-stimulation > immature/semit-mature DC in lymph nodes > t cells > anergy/death

Year 1 Week 23 - integrity (6 decks)

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